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White Primary Abolished
The White Primary was that the whites could participate in the primary elections, but blacks could vote only in general elections. This was unconstitutional because by the time the black population could vote for their choice of governor, there was only the options of what the whites had picked. This was something like a rigged election, taking the voting power away from the colored people.
http://www.sanfranciscosentinel.com/?p=18657
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/White_primary.aspx -
Integration of Armed Forces
The military up to this point, had consisted of black groups and white groups. There wasnt a mixture of any race in a platoon or small fighting force. That is until, on July 26, 1948, that President Harry S. Truman signed the Excecutive order 9989 that destroyed the segregated military, and created an integrated fighting force never seen before in an American army.
(http://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/people_shaking_hands.html)
http://www.history.army.mil/books/integration/IAF-FM.htm -
Brown v.s. Board of Education
Oliver L. Brown argued with the supreme court that having segregated, "seperate but equal" schools was unconstitutional. He was not alone though, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) fought for this at State level, but were denied, they then went to the Supreme Court to try and appeal to them. (continued) http://www.ehow.com/info_8282922_were-
etc.usf.edu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School -
Brown v.s. Board of Education (continued)
Once the case was over, the Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were unconstitutional and although it overturned the Plessy v.s. Fergusson, schools must integrate. -
Rosa Parks and the mongomery bus boycott (continued)
But they didn't go unchallenged, the white community countered their boycott with harassment and terrorism.
http://123helpme.com/rosa-parks-presentation-view.asp?id=160510
www.rosaparksfacts.com -
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks, an African-American tailor, was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for not standing up and giving a white citizen her chair, because at that time, that was illegal. Rosa Parks wasn't among the first of the blacks to be arrested for this crime. But she was the first well known citizen in the Montgomery African-American community. On the fifth of december, citizens of the city refused to use the buses. Most walked, those with cars arranged rides for friends and strangers. (continued) -
Change to Georgia's State Flag
In early 1955, John Sammons Bell, chairman of the State Democratic Party, suggested a change to the state flag that would incorperate the Confederate battle flag. He claimed this would honor those who lost ther lives, but many felt as if this was to show Georgia's resistance to the acceptace of blacks. Despite their doubts, the flag became valid on July 1, 1956.
http://www.senate.ga.gov/sro/Documents/StudyCommRpts/00StateFlag.pdf
http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/us-ga3.html -
Crisis at Central Hgh School, and the "little Rock Nine" (continued)
Their school days weren't easy, but like many black people, they pulled through as they had oppourtunities and privledges never before open to them.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine (info)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine (pic) -
Crisis at Central Hgh School, and the "little Rock Nine"
The Little Rock Nine was a group of African-American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. On their first day of school, troops from the Arkansas National Guard wouldn't give them entry to the school, and there were mobs making threats to lynch them. The Superintendent of Schools, submitted a plan of integration to the school board on May 24, 1955, which gave these students their studentship, and their right to knowledge. (continued) -
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in ATL bombed
The Hebrew Benevolent Congregation temple was bombed on October 12, 1958. This was the oldest and wealthiest synagogues in Atlanta. No one was injured, but the people who bombed it made their message clear. The blacks and jews are aliens and aren't welcome.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Hebrew_Benevolent_Congregation_Temple
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Multimedia.jsp?id=m-10472 -
Sibley Commission
In 1960, Governor Ernest Vandiver Jr., was forced to decide between closing public schools or complying with a federal order to desegregate them. John Sibley was appointed head of the commision that took place on April 28,1960. He ignored the results of prior hearings, and accepted Hooper's offer while keeping in mind his plans to keep schools largely segregated.
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2617
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courthouse -
Integration of the University of Georgia (links)
http://crdl.usg.edu/events/uga_integration/
dawgwear.net -
Integration of the University of Georgia
On January 6, 1961, Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter were admitted to the University of Georgia by Judge W.A. Bootle. As having a black student in a white school was punishable by the removal of state funds, rumors began spreading that UGA was going to close down. People were told to stay calm, and everything was alright until the eleventh, when an angry mob gathered outside Hunter's dormitory, damaging the property, and publicity for UGA and Georgia. (links continued) -
Albany Movement
Beggining in the fall of 1961, and ending in the summer of 1962, this was the first huge movement in civil right history. The goal: desegregate an entire community, was easier said than done, even with the help of MLK Jr., in that week MLK Jr. and over 1,000 other blacks were arrested.
thealbanyjournal.com
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1057 -
Freedom Rides (continued)
The leaders of CORE decided that letting violence end their trip would send the wrong image, and so they got more volunteers, andcontinued their trip. After their arrival in Montgomery, they were attacked by more than 1000 whites, and this degree of blood shed put a lot of pressure on Kennedy to end the violence.Finally, in November, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued rules prohibiting segregated transportation facilities.
http://tinyurl.com/7rbmz3
core-online.org -
Freedom Rides
The first Freedom Ride took place on May 4, 1961. The CORE, or Congress Of Racial Equality, took a bus of seven blacks and six whites from Washington, D.C., bound for the Deep South. They were testing the Supreme Court's ruling in Boynton v. Virginia, which stated segregation in interstate bus and rail stations is unconstitutional. They didn't have much opposition the first few days, but in the second week, they were beaten by a dozen white men, and one of their buses was burned. (continued) -
Birmingham, AL protests
The Birmingham protests, was a campaign to fight Birmingham's segregation. Their weapons were, boycotts, sit-ins, and marches. Hundreds were arrested during the duration of their "attack" on segregation.
http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_birmingham_campaign/
newyorkpersonalinjuryattorneyblog.com -
March on Washington
This event was located in Washington, D.C. About 25,000 citizens were involved - about one-fourth of them were white. The march is remembered by is civility, participants did not cause problems, so the military and other law enforcements were greatly unnecessary. This was the biggest event of its kind in our capitol, and was recorded majorly on television.
http://tinyurl.com/ylhhr7w
ourdocuments.gov -
16th Street Baptist Church Bombed
On the fifteenth of September, the KKK bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church, located in Birmingham, AL. When the bomb exploded, four black girls were killed. No one knew anything about this terrorism until the moment it occurred. This event rattled our great nation.
http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/al11.htm
bplonline.org -
John F. Kennedy Assassinated
President John F. Kennedy was shot at about 12:30 p.m. on November 22. He was shot in the head and neck, and Governor Connally was shot in the chest. He was rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital, but died at 1:00 p.m. His passing was a tremendous tragedy in the eyes of our nation, and was mourned by many.
http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/November-22-1963-Death-of-the-President.aspx
conspire.com -
Civil Rights Act
The Civil Rights Act was proposed by John F. Kennedy, but was accepted by Johnson due to John’s passing, it made discrimination due to race illegal. No racism was allowed in public areas- i.e. restaurants and theaters.
digitalhistory.uh.edu
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAcivil64.htm -
Voting Rights Act
This act, approved by Johnson, allowed citizens of all races the right to vote. Poll taxes and literacy tests were also banned in this act, this was a huge step for the African-Americans.
http://ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=100
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_and_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._-_Voting_Rights_Act.jpg -
Summerhill Race Riot (ATL)
After a police officer shot a supposed car thief, Stokely Carmichael and the SNCC were blamed for starting trouble. Riots lasted four gruesome days, afterwards, there was 1 person dead, and 20 wounded. Later, the governor helped pick up, and piece the city back together.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill_(Atlanta)
album.atlantahistorycenter.com -
MLK Jr. Assassinated
On his own motel room balcony, on the fourth of April, Martin Luther King Jr. was fatally shot. Issues and controversy was caused by his passing. Although it was not known for sure if he was the shooter, a man was arrested for his death. MLK Jr.’s followers and admirers lashed out in anger as the one they loved and adored was now nothing but a memory. But they knew it was a memory that would live long.
http://history1900s.about.com/cs/martinlutherking/a/mlkassass.htm
http://tinyurl.com/7zms45u -
All GA schools integrated
In 1971, all schools in Georgia were integrated. Many white citizens begged schools to close rather than to integrate them. Due to the existing hatred of blacks, many white families would pay to have their child go to white-only private schools, thus, the private schools were in big business and did very well in this time.
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2716
lsem.org
