History 1.10

Sumerian Civilization

4500 BCE

4500 BC - 1900 BC what is the Sumerian civilization known for?
Known for their innovations in language, governance, architecture, & more, Sumerians are considered the creators of civilization as modern humans understand it.

The Neolithic Revolution

3500 BCE

10,000 - 3500 BC
The Neolithic Revolution was the critical transition that resulted in the birth of agriculture.

Old Babylonian Period

1600 BCE

2000 - 1600 BC
Nebuchadnezzar II was the king because he conquered Syria & Palestine & made Babylon a splendid city.

Aryan Invasion of India

1500 BCE

2000 - 1500 BC
The Vedic religion & Buddhism, was eventually created in India.

Harappan Civilization

1300 BCE

3300 - 1300 BC
The Harappan civilization developed the first accurate system of standardized weights & measures.

Bronze - Age Collapse

1150 BCE

1200 - 1150 BC
Society collapse is the fall of a complex human society characterized by the loss of cultural identity & of socioeconomic complexity, the downfall of government, & rise of violence.
economic collapse

The Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem

701 BCE

701 BC
In 701 BC, the Assyrian emperor Sennacherib besieged the city of Jerusalem

The Neo-Assyrian Empire

609 BCE

911 - 609 BC
The Neo-Assyrian Empire was an Ancient civilization located in Mesopotamia that existed between 912 and 612 BCE. Known for their incredible military strength, technological innovation, and sophisticated government, the Neo-Assyrians created the largest empire the world had seen at that time.

Ancient Israel

587 BCE

1150 - 587 BC
Jewish monotherism has had both universalistic & particularistic features. Along universal lines, it has affirmed a god who created & rules the entire world & who at the end of history will redeem all Israel, all humankind, & indeed the whole world. Jedaism

Neo-Babylonian Empire

539 BCE

626 - 539 BC
The Neo-Babylonians are most famous for their architecture, notably at their capital city, Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar (604-561 B.C.E.) largely rebuilt this ancient city including its walls and seven gates. ... Though mentioned by ancient Greek and Roman writers, the "Hanging Gardens" may, in fact, be legendary

Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)

483 BCE

563 - 483 BC
After six years of searching, Buddhists believe Gautama found enlightenment while meditating under a Bodhi tree. He spent the rest of his life teaching others about how to achieve this spiritual state.
Predominant religion in India.

The Battle of Thermopylae

480 BCE

480 BC
The Persian victory at Thermopylae allowed for Xerxes' passage into southern Greece, which expanded the Persian empire even further. Today the Battle of Thermopylae is celebrated as an example of heroic persistence against seemingly impossible odds.

The Greco-Persian Wars

448 BCE

498 - 448 BC
series of wars fought by Greek states and Persia over a period of almost half a century.

The Peloponnesian War

405 BCE

431 - 405 BC
Sparta won because the Athens were forced to surrender.

The Persian (Achaemenid) Empire

330 BCE

550 - 330 BC
The Persians were the first people to establish regular routes of communication between three continents—Africa, Asia and Europe. They built many new roads and developed the world's first postal service

Ancient Egypt

323 BCE

3150 - 323 BC
building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks

Conquests of Alexander the Great

323 BCE

336 - 323 BC
Although king of ancient Macedonia for less than 13 years, Alexander the Great changed the course of history. One of the world's greatest military generals, he created a vast empire that stretched from Macedonia to Egypt and from Greece to part of India. This allowed for Hellenistic culture to become widespread.

Athenian Democracy

322 BCE

508 - 322 BC
Republic state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives Democracy: system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives Greek democracy created at Athens was direct, rather than representative: any adult male citizen over the age of 20 could take part, and it was a duty to do so.

The First Punic War

241 BCE

264 - 241 BC
The war was fought primarily on the Mediterranean island of Sicily and its surrounding waters, and also in North Africa. After immense losses on both sides, the Carthaginians were defeated.

Qin Dynasty

206 BCE

221 - 206 BC
The Qin empire is known for its engineering marvels, including a complex system of over 4,000 miles of road and one superhighway, the Straight Road, which ran for about 500 miles along the Ziwu Mountain range and is the pathway on which materials for the Great Wall of China were transported.

The Second Punic War

202 BCE

218 - 202 BC
Battle of Zama, (202 bce), victory of the Romans led by Scipio Africanus the Elder over the Carthaginians commanded by Hannibal. The last and decisive battle of the Second Punic War, it effectively ended both Hannibal's command of Carthaginian forces and also Carthage's chances to significantly oppose Rome.

The Phoenician Golden Age

200 BCE

1100 - 200 BC
The people known to history as the Phoenicians occupied a narrow tract of land along the coast of modern Syria, Lebanon and northern Israel. They are famed for their commercial and maritime prowess and are recognized as having established harbors, trading posts and settlements throughout the Mediterranean basin.

The Mauryan Empire

185 BCE

322 - 185 BC
The empire was the largest to have ever existed in the Indian subcontinent, spanning over 5 million square kilometres at its zenith under Ashoka.

The Maccabean Revolt

160 BCE

167 - 160 BC
An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat.
Maccabees against the Seleucid Empire and against Hellenistic

Ancient Carthage

146 BCE

814 - 146 BC
They founded settlements throughout the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC carthage, whose phoenician name was Qart Hadasht, was one of those new settlements.

The Third Punic War

146 BCE

149 - 146 BC
Third Punic War, also called Third Carthaginian War, (149–146 bce), third of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) Empire that resulted in the final destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean.

Ancient Greece

146 BCE

800 - 146 BC
The Greeks made important contributions to philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. The Greeks were known for their sophisticated sculpture and architecture. Greek culture influenced the Roman Empire and many other civilizations, and it continues to influence modern cultures today.

Spartan Oligarchy

100 BCE

6th - 2nd century BC (599 - 100)
a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
Sparta was an oligarchy. The state was ruled by two hereditary kings of the Agiad and Eurypontid families, both supposedly descendants of Heracles and equal in authority, so that one could not act against the power and political enactments of his colleague

The Crisis of the Roman Republic

44 BCE

134 - 44 BC
The crisis of the Roman Republic refers to an extended period of political instability and social unrest from about 134 BC to 44 BC that culminated in the demise of the Roman Republic and the advent of the Roman Empire.
At the end it became an empire

Ptolemaic Empire

30 BCE

305 - 30 BC
Ptolemy took the title of King. As Ptolemy I Soter ("Saviour"), he founded the Ptolemaic dynasty that was to rule Egypt for nearly 300 years. Hellenistic Alexandria was best known for the Lighthouse of Alexandria (Pharos), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World; its Great Library (the largest in the ancient world); and the Necropolis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages.

Cleopatra

30 BCE

69 - 30 BC
While queen of Egypt (51–30 BCE), Cleopatra actively influenced Roman politics at a crucial period and was especially known for her relationships with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. She came to represent, as did no other woman of antiquity, the prototype of the romantic femme fatale.

The Roman Republic

27 BCE

510 - 27 BC
The Roman Republic describes the period in which the city-state of Rome existed as a republican government (from 509 B.C. to 27 B.C.), one of the earliest examples of representative democracy in the world

Birth of Jesus Christ

4 BCE

c. 4 BC
what modern holiday commemorates the birth of jesus christ?
Christmas

Traditional Date for the Birth of Christ

1 CE

AD 1

Augustus Caesar

14

63 BC - AD 14
Caesar Augustus was one of ancient Rome's most successful leaders who led the transformation of Rome from a republic to an empire. During his reign, Augustus restored peace and prosperity to the Roman state and changed nearly every aspect of Roman life.
This 200-year period saw unprecedented peace and economic prosperity throughout the Empire, which spanned from England in the north to Morocco in the south and Iraq in the east

Crucifixion of Jesus

30

AD 30
what modern holiday commemorates the crucifixion of jesus?
Good Friday - a Christian holiday commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus and his death at Calvary. It is observed during Holy Week as part of the Paschal Triduum.

The Black Death (The Bubonic Plague)

53

1346 - 53
It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the death of 75–200 million people in Eurasia and North Africa, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. Bubonic plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, but it may also cause septicaemic or pneumonic plagues

The Destruction of the Temple

70

AD 70
The total destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple was catastrophic for the Jewish people. According to the contemporary historian Josephus Flavius, hundreds of thousands of Jews perished in the siege of Jerusalem and elsewhere in the country, and many thousands more were sold into slavery.

Han Dynasty

220

202 BC - AD 220
The Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) is known its long reign and its achievements, which included the development of the civil service and government structure; scientific advancements such as the invention of paper, use of water clocks and sundials to measure time, and development of a seismograph; the Yuefu

The Tetrachy

305

AD 284 - 305
Tetrarchy refers to the establishment by the Roman Emperor Diocletian of a 4-part division of the empire. Diocletian understood that the huge Roman Empire could be (and often was) taken over by any general who chose to assassinate the emperor.
Diocletian formed the Tetrarchy as a solution to the unstable succession of Roman emperors in the third century.

The Battle of the Milvian Bridge

312

AD 312
Some scholars allege that his main objective was to gain unanimous approval and submission to his authority from all classes, and therefore chose Christianity to conduct his political propaganda
As the first Roman emperor to claim conversion to Christianity, Constantine played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which decreed tolerance for Christianity in the empire.

The Celts

461

400 BC - AD 461
The Celts were the largest group in ancient Europe. The ancient culture known as the Celts once extended far beyond the British Isles. With territory stretching from Spain to the Black Sea, the Celts were geographically the largest group of people to inhabit ancient Europe

The Roman Empire

476

27 BC - AD 476
They developed the best army in the world at that time, and ruled by force.

The Fall of Rome

476

AD 476
the Huns invading from the east that caused the domino effect, they invaded (pushed into) the Goths, who then invaded (pushed into) the Roman Empire.
Over time, the east thrived, while the west declined. In fact, after the western part of the Roman Empire fell, the eastern half continued to exist as the Byzantine Empire for hundreds of years.

The Gupta Empire

543

AD 320 - 543
Gupta had developed advancements in Science, Engineering, art, dialectics, laterature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy. The golden age brought more knowledge including architects making amazing temples and structures.

The Spread of Islam

750

AD 622 - 750
Islam spread through military conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries. Arab Muslim forces conquered vast territories and built imperial structures over time. ... The caliphate—a new Islamic political structure—evolved and became more sophisticated during the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates.

The Carolingian Renaissance

899

AD 768 - 899
Known as the Carolingian Renaissance, it ended the cultural stagnation of the Dark Age which had marred Europe for centuries and laid the foundation for the rise of the Western civilization.

Mayan Civilization

900

300 BC - AD 900
Many say that the Mayan Civilization is known for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, & astronomical system.

Tang Dynasty

907

AD 618 - 907
The Tang Dynasty is considered a golden age of Chinese arts and culture. In power from 618 to 906 A.D., Tang China attracted an international reputation that spilled out of its cities and, through the practice of Buddhism, spread its culture across much of Asia

The Spread of Christianity

988

Ad 33 - 988
Beginning in the Middle East, Christianity began its spread north and west into Europe, carried by merchants, missionaries, and soldiers. ... As a result, in 313, the Edict of Milan was passed, which guaranteed freedom of religion throughout the Roman Empire, ending the persecution of Christians.

The Viking Age

1066

AD 793 - 1066
The economic model states that the Viking Age was the result of growing urbanism and trade throughout mainland Europe. As the Islamic world grew, so did its trade routes, and the wealth which moved along them was pushed further and further north.

The Norman Conquest

1066

AD 1066
The conquest saw the Norman elite replace that of the Anglo-Saxons and take over the country's lands, the Church was restructured, a new architecture was introduced in the form of motte and bailey castles and Romanesque cathedrals, feudalism became much more widespread

The Islamic Golden Age

1258

AD 622 - 1258
Scientists advanced the fields of algebra, calculus, geometry, chemistry, biology, medicine, and astronomy. Many forms of art flourished during the Islamic Golden Age, including ceramics, metalwork, textiles, illuminated manuscripts, woodwork, and calligraphy.

Song Dynasty

1279

AD 960 - 1279
The Song dynasty is particularly noted for the great artistic achievements that it encouraged and, in part, subsidized. The Bei Song dynasty at Bianjing had begun a renewal of Buddhism and of literature and the arts. The greatest poets and painters in the empire were in attendance at court.

The Crusades

1291

AD 1096 - 1291
The stated goal of the Crusades was to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim forces, but there were also many unstated goals which European lords and clergy strove to achieve.

The Mongol Empire

1368

AD 1206 - 1368
Known for warfare, but celebrated for productive peace. Led by humble steppe dwellers, but successful due to a mastery of the era's most advanced technology. The Mongol Empire embodied all of those tensions, turning them into the second-largest kingdom of all time

The Khmer Empire

1431

AD 802 - 1431
The Khmer Empire. For more than 600 years, the Khmer Empire dominated Southeast Asia, ruling over much of what is now Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. The Khmer Empire is known today primarily for one of its most emblematic remnants, the temple complex Angkor Wat.

The Byzantine Empire

1453

AD 330 - 1453
The Byzantine Empire was the longest-lasting medieval power, and its influence continues today, especially in the religion, art, architecture, and law of many Western states, Eastern and Central Europe, and Russia

The Silk Road

1453

130 BC - AD 1453
The Silk Road was an ancient trade route that linked the Western world with the Middle East and Asia. It was a major conduit for trade between the Roman Empire and China and later between medieval European kingdoms and China.

The Reconquista

1492

Ad 801 - 1492
The Reconquista was a centuries-long series of battles by Christian states to expel the Muslims (Moors), who from the 8th century ruled most of the Iberian Peninsula. Visigoths had ruled Spain for two centuries before they were overrun by the Umayyad empire.

Aztec Empire (Triple alliance)

1521

AD 1325 - 1521
The Aztecs were famous for their agriculture, cultivating all available land, introducing irrigation, draining swamps, and creating artificial islands in the lakes. They developed a form of hieroglyphic writing, a complex calendar system, and built famous pyramids and temples.

The Inca Empire

1533

AD 1438 - 1533
Famed for their unique art and architecture, they constructed finely-built and imposing buildings wherever they conquered, and their spectacular adaptation of natural landscapes with terracing, highways, and mountaintop settlements continues to impress modern visitors at such world famous sites as Machu Picchu.

Ming Dynasty

1644

AD 1368 - 1644
The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644 A.D., during which China's population would double. Known for its trade expansion to the outside world that established cultural ties with the West, the Ming Dynasty is also remembered for its drama, literature and world-renowned porcelain.

The Mali Empire

1670

AD 1235 - 1670
The religion of Islam was an important part of the Mali Empire. However, even though the kings, or Mansas, had converted to Islam, they did not force their subjects to convert. Many people practiced a version of Islam that combined Islamic beliefs with the local traditions.