The first telescope ever made was made by Galileo Galilei
In 1611, Johannes Kepler described how a telescope could be made with a convex objective lens and a convex eyepiece lens
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The first detailed account of the interior construction of living tissue based on the use of a microscope did not appear until 1644
1655 astronomers such as Christiaan Huygens were building powerful but unwieldy Keplerian telescopes with compound eyepieces.
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Isaac Newton is credited with building the first "practical" reflector in 1668
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1670s that the microscope was used extensively for research in Italy, The Netherlands and England.
On 9 October 1676, Van Leeuwenhoek reported the discovery of micro-organisms.
In 1893 August Köhler developed a key technique for sample illumination
In the early 1900s a significant alternative to light microscopy was developed
In 1965 the first commercial scanning electron microscope was developed by Professor Sir Charles Oatley and his postgraduate student Gary Stewart and marketed by the Cambridge Instrument Company as the "Stereoscan".
t was not until 1978 when Thomas and Christoph Cremer developed the first practical confocal laser scanning microscope and the technique rapidly gained popularity through the 1980s.
The 1980s saw the development of the first scanning probe microscopes.
The first was the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981,
