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The History of Science and Math Education
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Computation of Pi
Jurij Vega improves John Machin's formula, that went to 100 decimal places, and computes π to 140 decimal places. 136 of the 140 were correct. -
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
Carl Friedrich Gauss proves the fundamental theorem of algebra. This theorem states every polynomial equation has a solution among the complex numbers. -
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Impact of the Industrial Revolution
The revolution caused a great increase in urban populations. Basic numeracy skills, such as the ability to tell the time, count money and carry out simple arithmetic, became essential in the new urban lifestyle. Within the new public education systems, mathematics became a central part of the curriculum from an early age. -
John Dewey
Dewey was a philosopher, psychologist, and education reformer who influenced education and social reform. He is a primary figure associated with the philosophy of pragmatism and considered one of the fathers of functional psychology. -
Women as Scientists
The founding of women's colleges provided women to pursue a career in science in both the United States and the United Kingdom. -
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The Progressive Movement
"The progressive movement advocated incidental learning, reflecting the belief that children would learn as much arithmetic as they needed and would learn it better if not systematically taught" (Reys, Lindquist, Lambdin & Smith, 2015). -
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The Committee of Seven
"The Committee of Seven- a committee made up of superintendents and principals from Midwestern cities surveyed pupils to find out when they mastered various topics. The recommendations of the Committee of Seven had a strong impact on the sequencing of the curriculum for years afterward" (Reys, Lindquist, Lambdin & Smith, 2015). -
Jagadis Bose and Albert Einstein
Introduction of Bose-Einstein statistics. The two scientists recognized a collection of identical and indistinguishable particles which can be distributed. -
Development of Science Curriculum
Teachers were concerned that they did not know how to teach simple science concepts to students so they protested. As a result, a theory was set in place on how to approach teaching science to students. -
J.H. Pestalozzi and German Friedrich Froebe
19th century the ideas of the Swiss educator J.H. Pestalozzi and of the German Friedrich Froebel inspired the use of object teaching, defined in 1878 by Alexander Bain in his widely studied Education as a Science as the attempt to range over all the utilities of life, and all the processes of nature. -
Kurt Gödel
Gödel proves his incompleteness theorem, which shows that every axiomatic system for mathematics is either incomplete or inconsistent. -
Piaget
Jean Piaget studied of the development of children's understanding, through observing them, talking, and listening to them while they worked on exercises. He later developed his theory of cognitive development explains how a child constructs a mental model of the world -
Public Schools
Only boys went to the few public schools that there were in the early 20th century. -
Kenneth Levenberg
Levenberg proposes a method for solving nonlinear least squares problems. This method is known as damped least-squares (DLS). -
State Schools
State schools pursued cultural, national, social, and ideological goals. Every national school system taught one version of the national language and patriotic symbols. -
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New Math
“New Math” focused on advanced, abstract subjects. New Math was a response to the Cold War and a belief that American students were not as skilled at science or engineering as Russian students. -
Nicholas Metropolis
Metropolis introduces the idea of thermodynamic simulated annealing algorithms. -
Bloom's Taxonomy
Benjamin Bloom developed a "taxonomy of educational objectives" which classified the different learning objectives and skills that educators set for students. -
Sputnik
In the post-World War II USSR, a group of scientists led by Mikhail Tikhonravov at the newly created NII-4 military institute pioneered the work, which ultimately led to the first Soviet artificial satellite. This effort prepared ground work for the political decision to go ahead with the launch of Sputnik. -
Secondary Schools
There were several kinds of non-classical secondary schools in the 19th century. At the highest level they combined limited ancient language instruction with considerable scientific and technical education. The graduates seldom went on to the university, but could attend advanced technical schools. -
Donald Marquardt
Marquardt rediscovered Levenberg's algorithm used to solve non-linear least squares problems. -
Martin Kruskal and Norman Zabusky
Kruskal and Zabusky found that solitary waves do not disperse after collisions. -
National Science Foundation
A foundation created by the United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. -
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Minimum Competency Movement
"Emphasis was placed on skills needed in the real world. This movement stressed the basics. As embodied in sets of objectives and in tests, the basics were considered to be primarily addition, subtraction, multiplication and division with whole numbers and fractions” (Reys, Lindquist, Lambdin & Smith, 2015). -
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Backlash of New Math
A backlash to New Math developed, and schools began focusing on basic skills like arithmetic and algebra. Skill development, rather than problem solving, was emphasized. -
Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken
Appel and Haken use a computer to prove the four color theorem. This was the first major theorem to be proven by using a computer. -
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 makes a close attempt to Saturn as part of the Voyager program intended to study the outer solar system. -
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NCTM Make Changes
The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics started to develop standards for school mathematics. “The NCTM developed standards for curriculum and for evaluation, teaching and assessment. The standards paved the way for all other subjects and also acted as a vision for how schools could and should teach math in the classroom" (Reys, Lindquist, Lambdin & Smith, 2015). -
STEM Education
The 21st Century Partnership for STEM Education is an independent, non-profit, federally tax exempt organization funded through federal, state and school district contracts to advance literacy and achievement in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) by partnering with institutions of higher education, economic development entities, other non-profits and school districts. -
Yasumasa Kanada, David Bailey, Jonathan Borwein, and Peter Borwein
Kanada, Bailey, and the Borwein's use iterative modular equation approximations to elliptic integrals and a NEC SX-2 supercomputer to compute π to 134 million decimal places. -
David Deutsch and Richard Jozsa
Together they developed the Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm which was one of the first examples of a quantum algorithm that is exponentially faster than any possible deterministic classical algorithm. -
SAT Math
This is the year that students were first allowed to use calculators on the SAT exam. -
Science Standards
All students must go to school. Teachers are required to teach certain standards to ensure that students are learning the correct/relevant material. -
Conference Board of Mathematical Sciences and MET
The Conference Board of Mathematical Sciences published the Mathematical Education of Teachers (MET), a set of recommendations for preparing teachers. MET suggested: for prospective elementary teachers, at least 9 semester hours of classes on teaching elementary school mathematics; for middle school teachers, at least 21 semester hours of math, and for high school teachers, a mathematics major plus a six-hour course that connects the college math they’ve learned with high school math.