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Nov 1, 1440
The printing press
Johannes Gutenberg was the first European to use movable type printing.The use of durable metallic movable type allowed rapid mass production of printed works. Gutenberg's printing technology spread rapidly throughout Europe, and quickly replaced most of the handwritten manuscript methods of book production throughout the world. -
Period: Nov 1, 1440 to
A Brief History of Information and Knowledge
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Defining knowledge
John Locke viewed us as having sense organs that could produce "ideas of sensation" when stimulated. According to him the ideas of reflection were operated by the mind to produce "ideas of reflection". And so he came to the conclusion that ideas come to us through our senses, which then are turned into new ideas via reflection. -
Knowledge industry
Fritz Machlup was an Austrian-American economist who worked in industrial organization and international monetary economics. He was one of the first to examine knowledge as an economic resource.He treated knowledge as an information and divided it into three categories: instrumental, intellectual, and pastime knowledge.</a> -
Tatctic knowledge
Michael Polanyi was a Hungarian–British polymath, who made important theoretical contributions to the theory of knowledge.According to him tactic knowledge cannot be reproduced,but rather demonstrated or imitated. -
Technologically determinist
Marshall McLuhan was a Canadian educator, philosopher and scholar.His work is viewed as one of the cornerstones of the study of media theory, as well as having practical applications in the advertising and television industries.McLuhan is known for coining the expressions "the medium is the message" and "the global village" and predicted the World Wide Web almost thirty years before it was invented. -
The knowledge worker
Peter Drucker predicted that changes in society would be brought about by information. He argues that knowledge has become the central, key resource. According to him, the largest working group will become what he termed “knowledge workers.” -
The Information Age
Daniel Bell was an American sociologist, writer and professor at Harvard University.He is described as "one of the leading American intellectuals of the postwar era.". He has contributed to the study of post-industrialism by introducing his concept of a post-industrial society . -
The Third Wave
Alvin Toffler is an American writer and futurist. He examined the changes in society with his book "The Third Wave".He describes three types of societies, based on the concept of “waves”—each wave pushes the older societies aside: First Wave is the society after agrarian revolution,Second Wave is the society during the Industrial Revolution and Third Wave is the post-industrial society. -
Information Society
In their book "Megatrends", John Naisbitt & Patricia Aburdene purposed ten changes that would change the information age:
-Industrial Society to Information Society
-Forced Technology to High Tech/High Touch
-National Economy to World Economy
-Short Term to Long Term
-Centralization to Decentralization
-Institutional Help to Self-Help
-Representative Democracy to Participatory Democracy
-Hierarchies to Networking
-North to South
-Either/Or to Multiple Option -
Dynamic Programming
Apple computer introduces hypertext to the public with their Hypercard application in 1987 that is designed to run on the Macintosh computer. HyperCard is an application program created by Bill Atkinson that was among the first successful hypermedia systems before the World Wide Web. The software's power lies in its ease of use - HyperCard is based on the concept of a "stack" of virtual "cards". Cards hold data, just as they would in a rolodex. -
The Network
The Internet grew originated from an experiment in the 1960's ran by the Department of Defense in the U.S.. They created ARPANET, a computer network that would continue to function in the event of a disaster.But the real invention of the internet was in 1991 by the developers Tim Berners-Lee and at CERN.They created the protocol based on hypertext, which is the basic lifeline of the Internet. -
Community of practice
Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger theorized that knowledge can be developed through social and spontaneous communities that are driven by common interests and passions, whereas innovation lies in the interaction between different communities.Wenger holds that learning is an inherently social process and that it cannot be separated from the social context in which it happens. -
The Knowledge Spiral
Nonaka and Takeuk theorized that the creation of knowledge is the result of a continuous cycle of four integrated processes: externalization, internalization, combination, and socialization. These four knowledge conversion mechanisms are mutually complementary and interdependent that change according to the demands of context and sequence:
- Externalization
- Combination
- Internalization
- Socialization -
Intellectual capital
Sveiby, working at the Swedish insurance company Skandia, develops the Navigator, a reporting concept that considers a number of indicators that attempts to compare a company's book value with its market value. The difference is said to be the dollar value of the firm's “intellectual capital.". He argues that the traditional balance sheet is not effective at measuring the real value of a company in that there is normally a big difference between the book evaluation and the market value. -
Twelve Themes of The New Economy
Don Tapscott wrote twelve themes which differentiate the new economy from the old.
- Knowledge is everything
- Digital not analog
- Virtual means physical things can become virtual
- Molecularization of old organizations are replaced by dynamic clusters of individuals
- Internetworking
- Disintermediation
- Convergence
- Innovation
- Prosumption
- Immediacy
- Globalization with transnational systems.
- Discordance issues are rising due to as unprecedented social conflicts. -
Velocity and viscosity
In their book "Working Knowledge", Davenport and Prusak reflected on the concept of Velocity and Viscosity - Velocity beingt the speed with which knowledge moves through an organization and Viscosity - the richness or thickness of the knowledge transferred
