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The people of the Indus Valley lived in planned cities and their homes were made of mud-brick.
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The boundary between Persia and India was not well separated. India was divided into a small number of states. That made is easy for the emperors of Persia to conquer these small states and that made it easier to conquer all of India. http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/foreign-invasion/the-persian-invasion-on-india/5714
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Chandragupta 1 founded the Gupta Dynasty in the AD 300s. This time was of learning, and artistic and scientific exploration. Music and dance grew and mathematics made the decimal system.
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The British made trading posts throughout the land, made agreements with local leaders, and slowly gained control many kingdoms and soon all of India.
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India protested peacefully with the help of Mahatma Gandhi. They didn't buy British goods and disobeyed the laws that were unfair to the Indians. They eventually won independence.
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Mahatma Gandhi helped India gain its independence, but was later killed.
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The constitution says that its government system is a Parliamentary. The executive power is in the hands of the Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at its head. https://india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india
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Besides killing at least 10,000 people the cyclone also left an estimated 1.5 million people with no home. Winds of over 160mph caused a devastating tidal surge to drive in across the low-lying plains along the coast. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/7384545.stm
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This earthquake lasted over two minutes, killed more than 19,727 people, and 166,000 were injured. http://www.ibtimes.co.in/2001-gujarat-earthquake-when-india-faced-one-its-worst-disasters-14-years-ago-photos-621365
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The international support was key to India developing its nuclear infrastructure and capabilities and was essentially stopped after India's 1974 nuclear weapons test. https://www.princeton.edu/sgs/publications/articles/Arms_Control_Today-US-India_Deal-Jan-Feb-06.pdf