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The death of the last Anglo-Saxon King.
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-William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded and conquered England and the Anglo-Saxons.
-The new overlords spoke a dialect of Old French known as Anglo-Norman.
-Anglo-Norman was a French dialect that had considerable Germanic influences in addition to the basic Latin roots. -
- Was brought about by the Norman invasion of England. This period ended with the consequential evolution of the English language towards Early Middle English.
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- Beowulf is the oldest surviving Germanic epic and the longest Old English poem. Other great works of Old English poetry include The Wanderer, The Seafarer, The Battle of Maldon, and The Dream of the Rood.
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Most words were West Germanic, some introduced by the Vikings.
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- This period contains some of the earliest documented evidence of the English language, showcasing notable authors and poets like Cynewulf and Aldhelm.
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- Stress-timed, non-tonal
- Synthetic, agglutinating/fusional
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- The Celts withdrew to Scotland, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Wales, and Cornwall.
- OE was influenced by the following languages: Celtic - Latin - Scandinavian.
- Latin words were brought to Britain by the Germanic invaders, By the culture, and Christianity.
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- About 40 Scandinavian (Old Norse) words entered Old English.
- The most important dialect for modern scholars is, however, West Saxon.
- About half of the most commonly used words in modern English have Old English roots.
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-Germanic-speaking tribes replaced the Celtic peoples.
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- Germanic tribes invaded Britain.
- Old English Belongs to the West Germanic.
- Christian era: Old English descended from a dialect of Indo-European.
- English belongs to the Anglo-Frisian group of the West Germanic branch of the Germanic language family
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- East Germanic was spoken by peoples who migrated back to southeastern Europe. No East Germanic language is spoken today, and the only written East Germanic language that survives is Gothic.
- North Germanic evolved into the modern Scandinavian languages of Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, and Icelandic (but not Finnish, which is related to Estonian and is not an Indo-European language).
- West Germanic is the ancestor of modern German, Dutch, Flemish, Frisian, and English.
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- England adopted the Latin alphabet, and English was soon being written down extensively.
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The main differences between OE and ME related to the addition of new consonant phonemes and some changes in the quality of vowels.
ME Diphthongs
ME consonants
ME monophthongs -
- The middle was Germanic.
- Anglo-Norman French (up to the late 12th century)
- Central French (from then until the end of the 15th century).
- The most significant development was phonological
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The ME period is marked by a great reduction in the inflectional system inherited from OE.
Language Contact: OE often mixed with Old Norse.
Phonological Reasons: The weakening and eventual loss of unstressed syllables at the ends of words destroyed many of the inflections of OE.
English change: synthetic language to a much more analytic. -
The term Great Vowel Shift was coined by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen. It affected the pronunciation of almost all vowels, most distinctively, however, the long monophthongs.
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- British government and its wealthy citizens Anglicised the language.
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It killed about one-third of the English population.
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The transition from Middle English to Early Modern English was marked by a major change in the pronunciation of vowels from about 1350 to 1550.
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- The ruling class of England, had spoken French or Latin but changed to English in the 15th century
- The shift affected words of both native ancestry and borrowings from French and Latin. But on the other hand, there were several conflicts between England and France at this time.
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- By the end of the ME period most of today's syntactic and morphological patterns had been established.
- Between 1450 and 1650 five of the seven long vowels of Middle English were raised and two became diphthongized.
- During the renaissance five of the seven long vowels of Middle English were raised and two became diphthongized.
- The foundation for spelling conventions was finally laid in 1476 with the invention of the printing press.
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Printing was introduced in the second half of the 15th century (1476) by William Caxton and was the single most important factor that led to the standardization of English, based on the English spoken in London, the then center of the country.
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- Printing was introduced in the 15th century.
- The first dated book issued from this press was the "Dictates and sayings of the Philosophers" and bears the imprint 1477.
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- The Middle English period came to a close around 1500 AD with the rise of Modern English.
- French was the language of the nobility, the government, the law, and civilized behavior in England.
- Beginning in the twelfth century and continuing until the eighteenth: the Great Vowel Shift / he sounds of the long stressed vowels in English
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- Most of the grammar of English was carried by syntax rather than morphology.
- Order the word.
- The 2nd person singular pronominal inflection
- The singular personal endings of verbs
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- The possessive case, the non-possessive, or oblique case.
- Retained, at least to some extent, all the earlier inflectional categories: tense, mood, number, person.
- The trend, however, was toward modern SVO word order.
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- The late Middle Ages had seen the triumph of the English language over French in England, and the establishment once more of a standard form of written English.
- The beginning of the EMnE period coincides with the ascendancy of Henry VIII to the throne in 1509.
- The end of EMnE is marked by the completion of the Great Vowel Shift and the beginning of the scientific age at around 1700.
- Most influential with regard to EMnE were the works of William Shakespeare.
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It began in Italy, and its first period was marked by a revival of interest in classical literature and classical ideals.
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- Verb forms in third and second person.
- The auxiliary does appear and is still used the same
- The invasion carried the English around the world.
- 250 million people already spoke English from Great Britain, it spread to America, South Africa, Australia, South Asia.
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- Linguistic changes in the ME period.
- Development of varieties of English.
- English as a global language.
- Varieties of English.
- British vs. American English.
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By: Johnson's
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English is the most used language in the world, as a mother tongue.
- British English:
Variety of pronunciation RP, 12 monophthongs, 8 diphthongs, and 24 consonants.- American English: There is no uniform accent, there are 12 monophthongs, 3 diphthongs, and 24 consonants.
