THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

By Leyria M. Victoria
  • Period: 400 BCE to 301 BCE

    EARLY HISTORY -

    Plato and Aristotle commented about the nature of youth
  • Period: 400 BCE to 301 BCE

    PLATO

    Reasoning does not belong to childhood, but rather first appears in adolescence.
    Children should spend their time in sports and music, whereas adolescence should study science and mathematics.
  • Period: 400 BCE to 301 BCE

    ARISTOTLE

    The most important aspect of adolescence is the ability to choose. That self-determination is a hallmark of maturity. Aristotle's emphasis on the development of self-determination. He also recognized adolescents' egocentrism.
  • Period: 476 to 1453

    MIDDLE AGES

    Children and adolescents were viewed as miniature adults and were subjected to harsh discipline.
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    EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

    JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU offered a more enlightened view of adolescence, restoring the belief that being a child or an adolescent is not the same as being an adult.
    Reasoning develops in adolescence.
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    G. STANLEY HALL

    The father of the scientific study of adolescence that was strongly influenced by Charles Darwin (evolutionay theorist). Aplying Darwin's view to the study of adolescent development, Hall proposed that all development is controlled genetically determined physiological factors, and he said that environment accounts for more developmental change in adolescence than in earlier periods. He stressed that heredity interacts with environmental influences to determine an individual's development.
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    END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND THE EARLY PART OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

    Invention of the concept we now call "adolescence".
    Psychologists, urban reformers, educators, youth workers, and counsellors began to mould the concept.
    Young people, especially boys, were seen as being passive and vulnerable.
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    THE "AGE OF ADOLESCENCE"

    Lawmakers enacted a great deal of compulsory legislation aimed at youth.
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    OTHER PERSPECTIVE

    The dual family and career objectives that female adolescents have today were largely unknown to female adolescents in those years.
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    TWENTIETH CENTURY

    Adults tried to impose conformity and passivity on adolescents.

  • BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

    INVENTIONIST VIEW: The view that adolescence is a sociohistorical creation. Legislation was enacted that ensured the dependency of youth and made their move into the economic sphere more manageable.
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    TWENTIETH CENTURY

    The scientific exploration of adolescence begin

  • G. STANLEY HALL'S STORM-AND-STRESS VIEW

    According to Hall, adolescence is the period from 12 to 23 years of age, characterized by considerable upheaval. The storm-and-stress view is Hall's concept that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings. In his view, adolescents' thoughts, feelings, and actions oscillate between conceit and humility, good intentions and temptation, happiness and sadness.
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    TWO CLEAR CHANGES RESULTED FROM LEGISLATION

    Dicreased employment and increased school attendance among youth

  • MARGARET MEAD'S SOCIOCULTURAL VIEW OF ADOLESCENCE

    Anthropologist that studied adolescents on the South Sea island of Samoa. She concluded that the basic nature of adolescence is not biological, as Hall envisioned, but rather sociocultural. Mead's observation of Samoan adolescents revealed that their lives were relatively free of turmoil.

  • DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD

    It possessed not only physical and social identities, but a legal identity as well, for every state had developed special laws for youth between ages of 16 and 18 to 20.

  • ADOLESCENTS' PURSUIT OF HIGHER EDUCATION

    Many African American adolescents not only were denied a college education but received an inferior secondary education as well.
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    POLITICAL PROTESTS REACHED A PEAK

    Millions of adolescents reacted violently to what they saw as the United States' immoral participation in the Vietnam War.

  • WOMEN'S MOVEMENT

    It changed both the description and the study of adolescence. In earlier years, description of adolescence had pertained more to males than to females.
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    LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND BEGINNING OF TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

    One of the major changes that characterized adolescents, involves the dramatic increase in the use of media and technology.