-
-
In 1970, James Britton published the book Language and Learning, in which he treats language and composition in terms of poetic, transactional and expressive language. He critiqued "dummy run" composition exercises, which constrained students to pre-determined writing forms.
-
Fish required a "competent reader," arguing that texts are not objective objects, but experiential processes that "happen to" writers.
-
Emig also reacted against prescriptive composition formulas such as the five-paragraph essay, in which she calls "algorithmic" and "mechanical," instead proposing that composition should focus on the process rather than the text.
-
The individual mind's constructive operations are more important than formal language structures. Linguistics became a part of cognitive psychology here.
-
Some researchers who participated in this call and response research process include: Bracewell, Frederiksen & Frederiksen (1982); Diaute (1981); Faigley & Witte (1981); Kroll (1978); Flowers & Hayes (1970, 1981); Bereiter & Scardamalia (1987). Research about composition writing seems like a double-sided process, in which theorists must work with empirical researchers in order to work out a better composition process.
