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intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics.
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Writes about human understanding. providing the scientific, mathematical and philosophical toolkit for the Enlightenment’s major advances.
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Richard Arkwright invented the water frame, which hooked up spinning machines to a water wheel.
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James cook claimed Australia for Great Britain
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Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule which combined spinning and weaving into one machine. They were used extensively from the late 18th to the early 20th century in the mills of Lancashire and elsewhere. Mules were worked in pairs by a minder, with the help of two boys
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This was a march by women and some men. They protested for more bread, and how the price of bread was too much. They marched up to the palace of Versailles were the king was staying. This forced the king to fall back to Paris
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Many French citizens stormed this prison/place to store gunpowder, to evidentially try and get gun powder but also destroy the prison to pieces.
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The National Assembly met, in response to a report. The feudal regime in France had been abolished. Which meant all French men were subject to the same laws and the same taxes, and eligible for the same offices
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The royal family attempts to flee Paris, but the king was recognized near the border, and was forced to return to Paris
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Eli Whitney made the cotton gin which separated the seeds from the cotton more quickly and more efficiently than a person could. It also made slavery become even more relevant.
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People thought that as long as king lived then the monarchy can be restored. So king Louis XVI was guillotined.
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Napoleaon protected government delegates from royalist rebels with a bunch of cannons. He also conquered most of northern Italy for France. This turned him into a hero of the French Republic, and people.
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Since the government was in disarray Napoleon launched a coup d’ etat/ government takeover
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Napoleon is crowned emperor by the pope. It is rumor that he took the crown and crowned himself to show he was above the power of the church.
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The enlightenment/ the age of reason is finally done.
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The Belgian Revolution was a conflict in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that began with a riot in Brussels and eventually led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium.
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Former president John Quincy Adams, serving in Congress, began trying to introduce petitions against slavery in the House of Representatives. His efforts would lead to the Gag Rule, which Adams fought for eight years.
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Victoria became queen at the age of 18 after the death of her uncle, William IV. She reigned for more than 60 years, longer than any other British monarch. Her reign was a period of significant social, economic and technological change, which saw the expansion of Britain's industrial power and of the British empire.
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The first photograph taken, by Louis Daguerre in France and William Henry Fox-Talbot in Britain.
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The People's Charter advocated democratic reform on the basis of six points: one man, one vote; equal electoral districts; payment of members of parliament; elections by secret ballot; removal of property qualifications for MPs; and parliaments elected every year. 'Chartism' gained substantial support among working people during the next decade and presented three national petitions to parliament in 1839, 1842 and 1849. It was the most significant radical pressure group of the 19th century.
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In 1834, slaves in the British empire started a period of 'apprenticeship', during which they were obliged to work without pay for their former owners. Abolitionists campaigned against the system and in the Caribbean there were widespread protests. When the apprenticeship period ended in 1838, over 700,000 slaves were freed in the British Caribbean.
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First Opium War: Qing Empire Vs. Britain and its allies in France, United States, and Russia.
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The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson. The law led to the relocation of Native Americans which became known as the "Trail of Tears."
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This’s device It worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. In addition to helping inventing the telegraph, Samuel Morse developed a code that assigned a set of dots and dashes to each letter of the English alphabet and allowed for the simple transmission of complex messages across telegraph lines
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the British Penny Black stamp is released. The Penny Black engraved the profile of Queen Victoria's head, who remained on all British stamps for the next 60 years.
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The first Morse Code message is sent. Invented by an American called Samuel Morse in 1837.
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Treaty of Nanjing opened the ports of Canton and Shanghai. Hong Kong became a British colony.
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Potato had been a staple crop for the Irish and when the leaves on potato plants suddenly turned black it was a disaster. about I million people starved to death.
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British government sets up the General Board of Health to investigate sanitary conditions, setting up local boards to ensure safe water in cities.
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series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily, and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. They all ended in failure and repression, and were followed by widespread disillusionment among liberals.
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The first public flushing toilet opens in London. Before the 1850s most people had to use an earth closet, which was a toilet outside the house with just soil in it and no water.
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Matthew Perry, a US Commodore, traveled to Japan. With him he brought four steam-powered American ships.
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A cholera epidemic led to demands for a clean water supply and proper sewage systems in the big cities
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Soldiers had to bite the tip off the cartridges of there rifles, which were dipped in animal fat. This was against some soldiers religions. So they refused to load their rifles and were imprisoned.
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The South Secedes. Immediately after Abraham Lincoln is elected President, South Carolina calls a state convention to remove itself from the United States of America. South Carolina is quickly followed by Florida, Mississippi, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas. Later, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina also secedes, forming the Confederate States of America.
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Battle of Fort Sumter Charleston Harbor, South Carolina
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The 13th Amendment is ratified by the States. Slavery is abolished.
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The Japanese signed a peace treaty with China, ending the Sino-Japanese War and giving Japan Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands, it's first colonies. This Japanese victory over the Chinese surprised the world and showed Japan as a major world power, along with Russia. It also caused them to become enemies.
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Gold had been discovered in the area where the boers had been living for years. When they refused to let the British in for gold, war broke out.
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Marchers protesting in St. Petersburg were gunned down by many guards. Reports of 1000 dead
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The British form the Muslim league to protect the interest of Muslims.
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Boer territory became the Union of South Africa under British rule
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand, prince to the Austria-Hungary throne, is assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian named Gavrilo Princip.
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Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. Russia begins mobilizing its troops.
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Germany declares war on Russia
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Germany declares war on France as part of the Schlieffen Plan.
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Rasputin, the caretaker off tye last czars son Alexei is murdered by Russian nobles
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Czar Nicholas is forcefully abdicated from the throne
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The British intercept the Zimmerman Telegram in which Germany tries to convince Mexico to join the war. This will result in the United States declaring war on Germany.
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Citizens protested in streets of Petrograd, the government was helpless
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Women are given the right to vote with the addition of the 19th Amendment to the United States constitution. Also known as the Susan B. Anthony amendment, in recognition of her important campaign to win the right to vote. -
Hitler held a rally in a Munich beer hall and declared revolution. He led 2,000 men to take over the Bavarian government but failed.
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Mussolini seized dictatorial powers during a political crisis. He becomes the Duce leader.
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The civil war in China prompts one thousand United States marines to land in order to protect property of United States interests. -
The United States Congress approves the construction of Boulder, later named Hoover Dam. -
This pact made war illegal as a tool of diplomacy, and made no enforcement provisions
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On this day stock prices fell by 13%. This was the worst day of the stock market crash. -
Hoover signed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, which raised taxes on 900 imports.7 It originally was supposed to help farmers but ended up imposing tariffs on hundreds of other products. -
Japan invaded the northern area of China, Manchuria, which had a huge deposits of natural resources like coal.
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Hoover signed the Revenue Act of 1932, which increased the top income tax rate to 63%. He wanted to reduce the federal deficit. -
Hitler passes the enabling act, which allowed him to make whatever laws he wanted without involving the Reichstag
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt launched the New Deal with the Emergency Banking Act. It closed all U.S. banks to stop devastating failures. -
The Emergency Relief Appropriation created the Works Progress Administration to hire 8.5 million people. -
Germany troops invaded the Rhineland although they were not allowed in because of the treaty of Versailles.
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This was the night of broken glass. Supposedly a retaliation for the Assassination of Nazi diplomat Ernst Vom Rath, by a Polish Jew in Paris
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German Jews are deported to Poland. A total of 600,000 Jews
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Hitler launched his blitzkrieg (lightning war) against Holland and Belgium. Rotterdam was bombed almost to extinction. Both countries were occupied.
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The Japanese, who were already waging war against the Chinese, attacked the US pacific fleet at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, as a preliminary to taking British, French and Dutch colonies in South East Asia.
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Germany invades Russia, and they loose a lot of men, this was considered Hitlers biggest mistake
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The Germans pressed Stalingrad which the Soviet’s used as a communication center. But when winter came the Germans had to surrender because of the freezing cold. This was considered the turning point of the war.
