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He was born in a family of phelosophers, in a Protestant city, well-known as one of the centres of learning and science in Germany. As a child, Leibniz learned to speak Lating and Greek nad amazed his teachers. He obtained a Master of Philosophy degree [Aiton, 16]. When he was just twenty one years old, he received a doctor's degree in law, and then refused the professorship because he believed that the university couldn't facilitate the reform and improvements of science, but noblemen could. -
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
He was born in a family of phelosophers, in a Protestant city, well-known as one of the centres of learning and science in Germany. As a child, Leibniz learned to speak Lating and Greek nad amazed his teachers. He obtained a Master of Philosophy degree. When he was just twenty one years old, he received a doctor's degree in law, and then refused the professorship because he believed that the university couldn't facilitate the reform and improvements of science, but noblemen could. -
Leibniz's inventions
Inventions:
- theory of motion - based on movement of kinetic and potential energy.
- came up with the idea of vis viva in experiments with Newton's cradle. Divided "energy" into two types: kinetic and gravitational potential.
- infinitesimal calculus - invented it along with Newton and was accused of stealing it.
- pinwheel calculator
- binary number system -
Joseph Black
Born in Bordeaux in 1728 to an Irish father and a Scottish mother, Joseph Black spent his working life in Scotland.During his primary years Black was educated at home by his mother. When he was 12, he was sent to live with relatives in Belfast and attend school there.Four years later he went to Glasgow University to study medicine. In 1710-1790 Black became Dr William Cullen's laboratory assistant. Chemistry was a passion for Black, alongside his medical education from Edinburgh. -
Joseph Black's inventions
- developed the caloic thoery - observed that when a cold object is placed in a cup of water, and then removed, the object becomes much warmer. He explained this by suggesting that heat was an invisible fluid ehich flows naturally from hot to cold. -the theory was not correct, but the observation is still used in thermodynamics.
- researched carbon dioxide or what he called 'fixed air'. This research led to the discovery of bicarbonates.
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Rumford, Benjamin Thompson (1753-1814)
He was born in a farmhouse, and went to school in the village until he was noticed by his naighbour, Loammi Baldwin, who helped him attend lectures in Harvard. At the age of 19 he became a major through his family connections. Then, he was accused of “being unfriendly to the cause of liberty.” and was imprisoned a couple of times, after which, he moved to England. While serving in the Government Colonial Office he provided scientific experiments with gun powder. Then, he became a Major-General. -
Count Rumphord's Inventios
- proved wrong the caloric theory
- noticed friction
- was the first to realize that mechanical energy and heat were connected
- noticed that mechankcal energy combined both kinetic and potential energy
- noticed how the amount of heat released was bigger than the amount of heat put in, in a reaction - experiments with cannons
- calorific and frigorific radiation - Rumphord believed that heat was formed because of calorific rays, and cold - from frigorific rays.
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James Prescott Joule
Born in Salford, Lancashire on December 24, 1818, James Prescott Joule’s father was a rich brewer. Joule was mostly homeschooled. He studied arithmetic and geometry under John Dalton at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. He was later taught by famous scientist and lecturer, John Davies. -
Joule's inventions
- Founded the theory of conservation of mass
- led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics
- subdued the term "vis viva" for"energy", which is used today
- the unit of energy, Joule was named after him
- worked with Kelvin to develop the absolute scale of temperature - kelvin degrees
- founded one of the Joule's laws - found the relationship between the current through resistance
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