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Spanish settlements
Major economic activity in Texas took off despite climatic conditions. At Bexar, there were 14 recognized ranch owners in 1791, and by 1810 there were 35. Nacogdoches saw a boom as well in ranching, in horse breeding during the 1790s. By 1810 there were more than 20 registered ranch owners in east Texas. I point this out to show how well this economy is and how people are starting to settle into expanding the market in Texas. (95), (97) -
Spain forced to cede Louisiana
Napoleon Bonaparte forced Spain to cede Louisiana, in 1800. This was part of Bonaparte's plan to resurrect a French empire in North America. This would affect Spain politically and tragically. Louisiana was like a buffer zone between New Spain and the United States. (101),(102),(103) -
The Lousiana Purchase
When Napoleon's plans fell through he sold the French territory to the United States. The Spanish officials recognized U.S. expansion and saw it as a successor to British imperialism. Which worried them other conflicts also hurt Spanish and U.S. relations such as granting slaves from U.S. territory freedom in Spanish Flordia and Louisiana. (102), (103),(104) -
Miguel Hidalgo’s Cry of Dolores
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a parish priest in Dolores, is known as the father of Mexican Independence. Inspired by the writings of the French Enlightenment and the American constitutionalism. Hidalgo believed that Mexico should be governed by Mexicans and not peninsulares, he also didn't want independence from Spain. On September 16, 1810, he uttered his famous grito, "Long live Religion! Long live our Blessed Mother Guadalupe! Long live Ferdinand VII and death to bad government!" (117) -
Constitution of 1812
Was a liberal document that established a constitutional monarchy and divided the empire into provinces, each would be represented by a legislative body called the provincial deputation. This document also equality among all citizens of the empire. This constitution would become the model for constitutions in Latin America. (119) -
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Gutierrez- Magee Expedition
lead by Jose Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara and Augustus Magee. Sought to free Mexico from Spanish rule and establish an Independent republic. But in the end, they were defeated at the battle of Medina. (120),(121), (122) -
Battle of Medina
Fought on August 18, 1813, The Battle of Medina became known as one of the deadliest battles fought on Texas soil. The battle took place near the Medina River not too far away from San Antonio. This caused the death and or flight of over a thousand Tejanos. The Spanish victory delayed any serious efforts towards Mexican independence.(102),(122) -
Adams-Onis treaty
The U.S. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and Spanish Ambassador Luis de Onis reached an agreement. February 1819 both parties came to a compromise, Spain would keep Texas but give up Florida. This agreement would be known as the Adams-Onis Treaty or the Transcontinental Treaty.(128) -
Mexico gains independence from Spain
Mexico severed ties with Spain, and the Plan of Igula is a major point in Mexican history, marking the beginning of the nation's independence. This plan consisted of 3 important clauses: (1) the Catholic Church in Mexican society, (2) the independence of Mexico as a constitutional monarchy, and (3) equality between peninsulares and criollos. In September of 1821, Spain formally recognized Mexico's independence with the Treaty of Cordoba. (129) -
Mexican Constitution of 1824
The constitiution of 1824 turned Mexico into a federal Republic, with a president supreme court and congress, with the power being granted to the states. This shift meant that the power from a monarchy under Emperor Augustin de Iturbide went to a federal republic. (138),(139)