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10th Amendment
"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." Since there is no mention of education in the constitution, the amendment gives the state the responsability of managing their own educational system in any way they want as long as it does not interfeer with the constitution. Tecnically, education is not a right according to the constitution. -
Compulsory Education Law
Compulsory education laws refer to laws that require a person to get at least some education and it thety are imposed by state governments. The first state to accept a law such as these was Rhode Island. However, specific students could be expelled or excluded from the educational system -
Brown Vs. Board of Education
Segrageted schools were declared unconstitutional under the 14th amendment: "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States... nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." It punished acts of discrimination against citizens not only for race, but also disabilities, religion, and other aspects. This brought the doctrine of "separate but equal." -
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children vs. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
The PARC sued Pennsylvania for denying education to certain children which did not have a mental age of five years old. -
Mills vs. Board of Education
This lawsuit was against the Board of Education of the District of Columbia. The board was denying education to children with dissabliities because of "behavioral and emotional" problems with them. In the end the Supreme Court stated that the board was violiting regulations of itself, and they concluded that every children should have a free education and appropriate instruction according to their abilities and capacities. -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
Section 504 of the Rehabilitain Act of 1973 is a federal measure that apply to all districts. It rules that individuals within 3 and 22 years old with a mental or physical impairment that limits a major life activity (and qualify for other two criterias) shall not be exculded from participation or experience discrimination from programs receiving federal economic aid. Students qualified for Section 504 are eligible for peer help, more time to complete their work, oral tests, and more benefits. -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA)
All public schools that recieve federal funds must give all children with dissabilities a meal a day and equal access to education. This act involved more parent interaction with the child's education and view for the least restrictive environment for the education of the boy or girl. It ensured availability of education, appropriate decisions, speific managment , and provide federal money for special education. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Special education must be free tailored to a specific child's needs and it must be free of cost. This act is the reauthorized version of the EAHCA Act of 1975. The IDEA covers chilren with age birth to 21 or highschool graduation. It also provides early intervention servicecs for children up to three years old. Like the EAHCA, the IDEA gives the parents authority on teir children's education. The goal is to give all children the same opportunities (with or without dissabilities). -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 1997
The amendment was made to better the academic goals of students with disabilities. It also filled the gap between what children with disabilities learned and what is expected in a regular curriculum. It included the participation of children with disabilities in tate and district testing programs, review of the individualized eduation program of the child, statements of the transition ervice needs of the student based on the course of study, disciplinary procedures for the student, and more. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA)
Demands equiti and accountability in special education. It was signed by W. Bush and authorizes grants to states to better special education programs. Required schools to use research when dealing with the process of assisting students with disabilities and determining the eligibility of a student for special education. It also includes short term goals to educational objectives, accomodation, assessements and transitions within the individualized education plan.
