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Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania:
It was the first right-to-education suit in the United States. It challenged the exclusion of individuals with mental retardation from public education. The state was not allowed to “deny to any mentally retarded child access to a free public program of education and training.” -
Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia:
Handicapped children were excluded from public schools. It required the state to provide “adequate alternative education services” and “prior hearing and periodic review of the child’s status, progress, and the adequacy of any educational alternative” (348 F. Supp., at 878). The courts required schools to describe the curricula, objectives, teacher qualifications, and supplemental services that were needed. -
The country’s first civil rights law for people with disabilities. Protects the rights of people with handicaps in programs and activities that receive Federal financial assistance. Protects the rights not only of those with visible disabilities but also those with disabilities that may not be apparent. Intended to remove barriers for students with disabilities in K–12 public schools and to protect kids and adults with disabilities from discrimination in school settings and beyond. -
The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment. The court rejected the “separate but equal” doctrine. This decision brought awareness to the inequalities faced by many. -
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act:
It supported states in protecting the rights of children and youth with disabilities and their families. It was meant to ensure that all children with disabilities have available to them a free appropriate public education that emphasizes special education, and to ensure that educators and parents have the necessary tools to improve educational results for children with disabilities.
https://sites.ed.gov/idea/IDEA-Historyiduals -
Board of Education of Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley:
Clarified the definition of (FAPE). Amy Rowley was a deaf fifth grader who used an FM hearing aid that amplified words spoken by her teacher. She was achieving better than the average student in her class and communicated well with her peers. The court ruled that P.L. 94-142 requires states to provide sufficient support for students to benefit from a public education at a level typical of that of nondisabled students -
It benefited individuals with emotional and behavioral disorders who have academic and social problems.
Ruled that schools could not expel children for behaviors related to their disability. The court affirmed that the state must provide services directly to students with disabilities when local school boards fail to do so. -
Paralyzed from the neck down in an accident when he was age 4, his mental capacities were unaffected. He required nursing services to attend his regular classes. The court ruled that under IDEA students must be provided with the supplemental services they need to attend school at no extra cost to the parents. (IDEA) requires school boards to provide continuous nursing services to disabled students who need them during the school day. -
Aimed at improving public primary and secondary schools, focusing on student performance, increased accountability for schools, school districts, and states. The federal regulation of state school systems increased. Schools that failed to meet their goals would be subject t increasing sanctions. https://youtu.be/-Qk00niNQwA -
Jeff and Sandee Winkelman claimed that Parma City School District failed to give their disabled son Jacob a "free appropriate public education". The Supreme Court decided that parents may pursue IDEA claims on their behalf independent of their child’s rights. IDEA gives parents the right to represent themselves in court when they seek reimbursement or challenge violations of their own procedural rights, but not when they challenge the adequacy of their child's free appropriate public education