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The Supreme court case that ended segregation in public schools. This is also marked the beginning of special education since parents and teacher began to argue against segregation of children with disabilities.
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President John F. Kennedy established the "27 member panel" of doctors, scientists, lawyers, e.t.c
-Evaluate the needs of individuals with developmental disabilities, raise awareness
-Examines ways “to consider a national approach to the prevention and management of mental retardation.”
-This opened awareness and acknowledged the fact that federal funding is available for people with disabilities -
-Legislation that provided resources to public schools to ensure that disadvantaged children had access to good education.
-In 1970, it was replaced by the Education of the Handicapped Act. This was an effort to encourage programs for children with disabilities.
-These legislations aimed for the improvement of children with disabilities but were not proven to be effective. Although, they were a landmark in the start of programs for children with disabilities. -
-PARC (Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children) dealt with the exclusion of children with mental retardation from public schools (Pennsylvania law that allowed public schools to deny education to children with mental disabilities).
-The US District Court Judge Masterson deemed the former laws unconstitutional and tasked the state to provide free public education of children within ages 6-21. -
-Expanded the impact of PARC
-7 children were denied placement in public schools for mental, behavioral, physical or emotional disabilities.
-The Court held that no child could be denied a public education because of mental, behavioral, physical or emotional disabilities.
-Gave the responsibility of educating children with disabilities to states and local communities. -
-Prohibits discrimination of people with disabilities
-Works with ADA and IDEA to protect children and adults with disabilities from any form of discrimination or unequal treatment at schools, jobs, and the community. -
Previous court cases plus many other persuaded on the addition of the EAHCA which mandated that students with disabilities had the right for:
-nondiscriminatory testing evaluation and placement procedures
-education in the least restrictive environment
-due process, including parent involvement
-free and appropriate education -
-CRRA: US legislative act that specified that recipients of federal funds must comply with civil rights laws in all areas, not just in the particular program that received federal funding.
-FHA: protects people from discrimination when they are renting or buying a home, getting a mortgage, seeking housing assistance, etc.
-CRRA & FHA: first time disability anti-discrimination provisions were included in a traditional civil rights statute banning race discrimination.
-Were a pathway to ADA -
-First case in which The Education of all Handicapped Act was violated by the California School Board.
-U.S Supreme Court Case ruled that a student receiving special education services can't be excluded from school indefinitely, particularly if the behavior is related to students disability. -
-EAHCA evolved into Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA)
-Individual Transition Plan was developed to help students transition out of high school into post-secondary life -
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibits discrimination based on disability in all public places including jobs, schools, transportation, etc.
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IDEA evolved, once again, to include students with disabilities on assessments and to provide all students (regardless of any disabilities) the same curriculum.
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-To ensure that all children have a fair, equal and significant opportunity to obtain a high quality education.
-States are required to test children in reading and math and provide needed support.
-Led to flexibility in schools and created more choices for parents. -
Once again, IDEA evolved and now required:
-early intervention for students
-greater accountability
-greater intervention (to keep students out of special education)
-improved educational outcomes
-raised standards for instructors who teach special education classes
