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The Supreme Court ruled that the segregation of African American students in public schools is unconstitutional and unequal.
Lori E. Arons, E. (2020, March 4). Landmark cases in special education law. Special Education Lawyer. Retrieved from https://specialeducationlawyernj.com/special-education-law/landmark-cases-in-special-education-law/ -
Signed by President Lyndon B Johnson as part of his War on Poverty campaign. This acts central goal was to improve educational equality for low income students via federal funds. The ABC's of ESEA, Essa and no child left behind. Education Post. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://educationpost.org/the-abcs-of-esea-essa-and-no-child-left-behind/
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The first major case to provide equality to students with disabilities. A Pennsylvania state law allowed schools to exclude children who had not reached a “mental age of 5 years” by the time of first grade enrollment. A class action suit was filed on behalf of 14 children with developmental disabilities who were denied access to public education. Such law violated their rights under the Equal Protection clause plus the Fourteenth Amendment.
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In the wave of PARC and Mills ruling, Congress launched an investigation to uncover how many children with special education needs were being underserved. The Bureau of Education for the Handicapped estimated that only 3.9 million children with disabilities out of more than 8 million were actually receiving a proper education.
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EAHCA guaranteed a free appropriate public education to each child with a disability in every state and locality across the country. It was a President Gerald Ford’s response to the Congressional Investigation of 1972 in hopes to make further advances in educating children with disabilities.
Educational rights for children with disabilities. Educational Rights for Children With Disabilities | CS Mott Children's Hospital | Michigan Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.mottchildren.org -
HCPA ensured that disabled children ages 3-5 are guaranteed a free and appropriate public education like their non-disabled peers.
99th Congress (1985-1986): Handicapped Children's . Congress.GOV. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/99th-congress/senate-bill/415 -
ADA provides equality and support for individuals that are physically and mentally impaired. ADA prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities.
An overview of the Americans with disabilities act. ADA National Network. (2017). Retrieved from https://adata.org/factsheet/ADA-overview -
IDEA has been around since 1990 but the most recent reauthorization of IDEA was in 2004. This act replaced the Education for all Handicapped Children Act. It declares entitlement of a free appropriate public education to children with disabilities. In 1997 it was revised to shift its focus to improving teaching and learning. It emphasized an individual educational plan as the primary tool for education planning with increased the parents decision making role in their child's education.
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NCLB's major focus is closing the student achievement gaps by providing fair, equal, and significant opportunities for all children, including students with disabilities, to obtain a high quality education. States are required to establish state academic standards and a state testing system that meet federal requirements.
Washington Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.k12.wa.us/policy-funding/ -
ESEA is a new bipartisan k-12 federal education law signed by President Obama. This act replaces and updates NCLB by including provisions that will help ensure success for both students and schools.
Klein, A. (2020, December 9). The Every Student Succeeds Act: An essa overview. Education Week. Retrieved from https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/the-every-student-succeeds-act-an-essa-overview/2016/03