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Walter E. Fernald was the first superintendent at the Massachusetts School for Idiotic Children. He developed a 10 point scale in order to determine a more individualistic training approach to teach mentally disabled students.
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The first White House Conference on Children was held in 1910. It focused national attention on children and youth with disabilities and their treatment. As a result, led to an increased interest in educating children with disabilities in public school settings rather than institutionalizing them. (Yell. 2016)
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Court Case ruled that school officials could exclude a student with disabilities. His disability caused physical limitations and conditions as well as limited speech school officials felt he was a distraction and expelled the student suggesting he attend an institution for the deaf. ( Yell, 2016)
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1922, The Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) is a professional organization concerned with the education of children with special needs. Parents, in groups big and small, began many organizations and groups to enact change. (Yell, 2016)
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The first significant court case to influence special education actually addressed racial segregation. The Brown decision led the way to a growing understanding that all people, regardless of race, gender, or disability, have a right to a public education”.
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School districts still had the right to choose whether or not to participate in special education incentive programs throughout the mid-1960s .
In 1965, with the passage of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, schools began receiving funding for public education. A year later, an amendment to the act set aside funds for school districts, specifically for students with disabilities. (Yell, Drasgow, Bradley, & Justesen, 2004).
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The original goal of the law, which remains today, was to improve educational equality even poorer school districts. It became the basis upon which early special education legislation was drafted.
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Brought about by seven children between the ages of 8 and 16 against the District of Columbia public schools.
The school district admitted that an estimated 12,340 children with disabilities within the district's boundaries would not be served during the 1971–72 school year because of the budget.
As a result, court rules that school districts cannot deny an education based on funding and budgets. -
The passage of the Education of all Handicap Students Act by President Ford was prompted by previous court cases. Within this act the courts ruled that schools must provide a free and appropriate education to all regardless of disability. Put in safe guards so that parents and student can challenge a schools districts that are not following court orders. Now called IDEA ( Yell, 2016)
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At that time Idea only included safeguards for ages 6-18. October 8, 1976
Education of All Handicap Students was amended which mandated that individual states provide services to families of children born with disabilities from the time they are born.
Previously, these services were not available until a child reached the age of three. Present day an example of this is “Help Me Grow”, in home program.
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Many changes in the education system were brought about from parental advocates and citizens advocating for persons with disabilities. August 6, 1986: President Reagan signed the Handicapped Children’s Protection Act, a law that gave parents of children with disabilities more say in the development of their child’s Individual Education Plan, or IEP. (Retrieved on October 13, 2019 from https://educationonline.ku.edu/community/idea)
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Congress amended IDEA IDEA was successful in allowing children with disabilities access to education, but was not ensuring a quality education. According to Yell, "By adopting the 1997 amendments to the IDEA, Congress indicated that the goal of the amendments was to improve the effectiveness of special education by requiring demonstrable improvements in the educational achievement of students with disabilities" ( Yell, 2016)
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Enacted in 2002. Attempted to provide oversight and regulations to school districts
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“NCLB represented a significant step forward for our nation’s children in many respects, particularly as it shined a light on where students were making progress and where they needed additional support, regardless of race, income, zip code, disability, home language, or background.” (Retrieved October 11, 2019 from https://www.ed.gov/NCLB) -
Zero Reject
Nondiscriminatory Evaluation
Appropriate Education
Least Restrictive Environment
Procedural Due Process
Parent and Student Participation -
ESSA includes provisions that will help to ensure success for students and schools. The law advances equality by upholding protections for America's disadvantaged and/ or high-need students. "Require that all students in America be taught to high academic standards that will prepare them to succeed in college and careers" (Essa.gov) . (retrieved October 12, 2019 from https://www.ed.gov/essa)
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Esteves, K., & Rao, S. (2008, Nov/Dec). The Evolution of Special Education . Principal: National Association of Elementary Principals., 1. Retrieved from
https://www.naesp.org/sites/default/files/resources/1/Principal/2008/N-Oweb2.pdf Turnbull, A., Wehmeyer, M. L., Turnbull, R., & Shogren, K. A. (2016). Overview of Todays Special Education . In Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Todays Schools (8 ed. (p. 29). United States: -
IDEA, Definitions. 2019. Retrieved from https://www.ed.gov/IDEA Every Student Succeeds Act. 2019. retrieved from:
https://www.ed.gov/ESSA Yell, Mitchell ( 2016), The Law and Special Education. ( 4th edition)
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