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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
Separate public schools for black and white children became unconstitutional -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
-permitted equal access to education for every child
-aim was to provide better educational services to the poor & improved school conditions -
PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Congress did an investigation and realized that many individuals with disabilities were not getting the services they needed. This investigation was the catapult to laws regarding mandated special education -
Rehabilitation Act (Section 504)
States that a person with a disability cannot be excluded or denied benefit from any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance -
Equal Educational Opportunity
Supreme Court ruling stated that students who do not understand English need different entry points in order to gain a meaningful education. This ruling significantly affected learners who are culturally and linguistically diverse. Schools are required to provide language programs/services for English Language Learners -
Education For All Handicapped Children Act
Required public schools that were getting federal funding to allow for each student to have a free and appropriate public education. Mandated IEP’s for each student categorized with a disability. The students should be placed in the LRE (Least Restrictive Environment) -
Public Law 94-142 was enacted
Free Appropriate Public Education (ages 3-21); parental rights, IEP, LRE, giving states assistance through federal funding -
Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley
U.S. Supreme Court ruled to require public schools to provide an appropriate education to students with disabilities -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act Amendments Public Law 99-457
Early Intervention (EI) services for infants and toddlers that needed services was put into place before they were “school aged” and a system was put into place for the services. -
The Americans with Disabilities Act
Requires the additional compliance of school districts and institutions that do not receive federal aid.
It also included traumatic brain injury and autism classifications as well as defining assistive technology devices and services. Prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability. -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) Amended
Students were given access to the general education curriculum, had higher academic outcomes and would be alongside non-disabled peers. They were also given access to free, appropriate public school settings. IEP’s were developed with the Least Restrictive Environment being the goal as well as with levels of performance and measurable goals. Transition plans and services were also mandated in IEPs. -
Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garret F.
The exception for "medical services" from IDEA's related services provision only exempts services which must be provided by a physician -
No Child Left Behind Act- Signed into Law
Ensuring students with disabilities receive a high-quality education from qualified teachers -
Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Act
Reauthorization of the IDEA by President Bush. Had improvements for accountability, parent involvement, highly qualified special education teachers, case-by-case circumstances, and discipline procedures that made sure that students with disabilities were not expelled or disciplined at higher rates than peers. Early Intervention (EI) services were also put into place for infants and toddlers with a transition plan in place for preschool.