-
- First systematic studies of organizational studies occured ;scholars from a number of disciplines begin to pay closer attention to organizations and to their effects on social life
-
Proposed the entire work system to be reformed and
arrangement of jobs into departments -
devising principles for subdividing and coordinating complex work systems and Fayolism
-
Social Scienctist entered during this time they challenged the conception of organization as dominated by rational, instrumental behavior
-
Attention to the interdependence of formal
and informal structures within organizations
and Defined the primary function of "executive" -
Wrote Foundations of the Theory of Organizations and emphasized the "paradox" presented by organizations
-
Identified the Rational and Natural Perspective
-
Carnegie Institute of Technology and Columbia University that recognized social scientific study
-
-
“two-faced” nature of organizations as systems of
coercion and consent -
Focused attention towards decision and decision makers and worked from a model - "bounded rationality"
-
“Dilemmas” of bureaucracy as formal structures designed to solve one problem give rise to other
-
Sociologist pursued a variety of topics
-
Open System approaches were introduced such as the contigency theory, Transaction cost theory,
Network theory,
Resource dependence theory,
Organizational ecology,
Institutional theory -
Organizations were observed to vary as a function of their technical environments. Moreover,those organizations whose structures were best adapted to their specific environments were expected to perform best.
-
builds on the economic insight that all
transactions (exchanges of goods and services) are costly, but some are more costly
than others. -
stresses the benefits of
adaptation to the environment, but it conceives of environments as including political as well as economic systems -
emphasizes the relational aspects of environments, its development aided the study
of resource dependence connections -
focused
on population dynamics—on the ways in which new types of organizations arise,
grow, compete, and decline over long periods of time -
organizations must consider not only their
technical environment but also their
“institutional” environment: regulative,
normative, and cultural-cognitive features that
define “social fitness” -
boundaries of organizations have become more
open and flexible, workers are joined or replaced by
temporary, part-time, and contract employees; enter into alliances with exchange partners and
competitors that realign operational frontiers
