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Galen of Pergamon describes the human body
Galen of Pergamon (130-200 C.E) was the first anatomist made vast achievements in the understanding of the heart, the nervous system, and the mechanics of breathing. Galen viewed the body as consisting of three connected systems: the brain and nerves, which are responsible for sensation and thought; the heart and arteries, responsible for life-giving energy; and the liver and veins, responsible for nutrition and growth. Link: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galen-of-Pergamum -
Lamarck develops Hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics
Lamarck had a hypothesis about evolution his hypothesis was If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring. He mentions how the organisms change depending of what they need. Lamarck believed that giraffes stretched their necks to reach food. Their offspring and later generations inherited the resulting long necks. http://necsi.edu/projects/evolution/lamarck/lamarck/lamarck_lamarck.html -
The Voyage of the HMS Beagle
In this trip, Darwin hoped to see the tropics before becoming a parson, and accepted the opportunity. He was influenced by other scientists. It made trips to coast of South America, where Darwin was free to explore the continent and islands, including the Galápagos, where he wrote books about it. http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/a-trip-around-the-world/ -
Ensatina described as a ring species
Ensatina eschscholtzii is a lung less salamanders found in coniferous forests, oak woodland and chaparral. This salamanders are found in Santa Cruz, Monterey, and the California coastal mountains. They are 3 inches to 5 inches long. -
The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection is published
Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. In his publication, he Introduced the evolution through a process what is call natural selection. His main thesis was that different animal species were not independently created and that similar species can result from natural variation. Link: https://www.genome.gov/25520157/ -
Alfred Russel Wallace published ideas of evolutionary processes
Alfred Russel Wallace conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection. His finding were mostly on the Amazon River basin and then in the Malay Archipelago. Becuase of him Darwin continued with his ideas in On the Origin of Species Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace -
Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation
Louis pasteur created an experiment to see if microbial life would spontaneously grow on broth after being boiled. He set up two flask and boiled both of the flasks to kill any microbes. He then noticed that after some days no microorganisms had grown. One of the flasks was tipped to allow the dust particle in S shape part of the flask to allow the microbes to be mixed into the rest of the solution, Soon after the microorganisms started to grow and multiply. -
The Germ Theory of Disease is published
The germs is the growth and reproduction within their host can cause diseases. They are bacterium and are not the only type of microorganisms that can cause diseases. It was discovered by Girolamo Fracastoro in 1946 and more scientific support was by Galen's theory and there was more convenes evidence on 1980. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease -
Gregor Mendel publishes works on inheritance of traits in pea plants
Gregor Mendel was the man that discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance.1.The law of segregation: parental genes are divided. The offsprings of then inherits one allele gene from each parent when fertilization occurs 2.The law of independent assortment: Different trait genes are separated from one another. 3.The law of Dominance: The organism will will express the dominant trait. Link: http://www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.html -
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The Challenger Oceanography Expedition sails around the world
The Challenger Expedition was the first expedition organized specifically to gather data on a wide range of ocean features, including ocean temperatures seawater chemistry, currents, marine life, and the geology of the seafloor. It left Portsmouth, England in 1872 and returned in May of 1876. The ship had many different types of samplers to grab rocks, mud, nets to capture animals from different levels in the ocean. Link:
http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/history-ocean/challenger.html -
Plasmodium falciparum is described as the causative agent of malaria
Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite, the most common specie of protozoan that causes malaria in humans. It is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito. Laveran was first person that seeing the parasite on November 6, 1880. After that, Patrick Manson (1894) hypothesized that mosquitoes could transmit malaria. Giovanni Battista Grassi and Ronald Ross experimentally confirmed this hypothesis independently in 1898. Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum -
T. Hunt Morgan discovers sex-linkage
Thomas Hunt Morgan establishes the chromosomal theory of heredity. Some links sexual characteristics appear together as they arise on a chromosome determines gender. Genes close together tend to come together. But sometimes, as a consequence of the reproductive mechanism, the link between the genes is disrupted, allowing new combinations of traits. Link: http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1910_Morgan.php -
Ernst Mayr develops the Biological Species Concept
Ernst Mayr solved one great-unsolved problem in Darwin's work: How and why do species originate? When a population of organisms becomes separated from the main group by time or geography, they eventually evolve different traits and can no longer interbreed. This isolation or separation creates new species. Link: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/06/2/l_062_01.html -
Hershey-Chase experiments are published:
AD Hershey and M Chas “Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage” They conducted an experiment where it showed that DNA is the genetic material. The experiment was conducted by using what is their famous blender experiment which showed that DNA is the genetic material. Link: http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/courses/bis/2A/bis2a-F10/HersheyChase.pdf -
Miller-Urey experiments published
In 1953, Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey at the University of Chicago did experiment that demonstrated that several organic compounds could be formed spontaneously by simulating the conditions of Earth's early atmosphere. The experiment conducted was with water, methane , ammonia, and hydrogen . These are what they mostly are found in the atmosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey_experiment -
Watson and Crick propose the DNA structure
They both suggested that the molecule was made of two protein strands. They found that during cell division they seperate into two strands, the double Helix model. This model shows that this is the template to make more “NA, “the other half” which is exactly the same as the new half and the half before. This showed that it reproduces itself without it changing at all. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/do53dn.html -
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication
On 1958, the exact relationship between DNA structure and replication was discovered by Meselson and Franklin Stahl. Replication is the process by which a cell copies its DNA prior to division. Scientists have found that semiconservative replication can occur in different ways—for example, it may proceed in either a circular or a linear fashion, depending on chromosome shape. Link:
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Semi-Conservative-DNA-Replication-Meselson-and-Stahl-421 -
Nirenberg cracks the genetic code
Marshall Nirenberg discovered the first "triplet"—a sequence of three bases of DNA that codes for one of the twenty amino acids that serve as the building blocks of proteins. Protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm, where RNA is found. RNA provided the key to the code. The protein molecule is then built by adding one amino acid at a time, using the mRNA as a template.Link: http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1961_Nirenberg.php -
Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis
According to the traditional view, evolution usually occurs gradually; endosymbiosis, however, is based on the idea of rather sudden evolutionary changes. Eukaryotic cells evolved through a series of symbiotic partnerships involving several different kinds of prokaryotic cells. The smaller partners invaded larger host cells and eventually evolved into three different kinds of organelles: mitochondria, chloroplasts, and flagella. Link:
https://msu.edu/course/lbs/145/luckie/margulis.html -
Apollo 11 lands on the moon
At 9:32 a.m. EDT, the engines fire and Apollo 11 clears the tower. AT 4:18 p.m EDT, This event was televise in the United States with over 1 billion viewers. At 10:56 p.m. EDT Armstrong is ready to plant the first human foot on another world. This became one of the most important moments in history since it was the fist time that man was able to walk in moon. Link: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11.html -
Australopithicus afarensis nicknamed “lucy” fossil discovered
“Lucy,” is a skeleton that was classified as a 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis it is consider one of humankind’s earliest ancestors. Link: http://www.history.com/news/famed-lucy-fossils-discovered-in-ethiopia-40-years-ago -
The Sanger Technique is developed
Frederick Sanger who invented the method of DNA sequencing by enzymes, now known as the Sanger method, to determine the order of bases in a strand of DNA. This method helps scientists can read the sequence of nucleotide in a DNA molecule.
Link: https://unlockinglifescode.org/timeline/11 -
Deep sea hydrothermal vents and associated life around them are discovered
Scientists first discovered hydrothermal vents in 1977 while exploring an oceanic spreading ridge near the Galapagos Islands. Hydrothermal vents form at locations where seawater meets magma. A venting black smoker emits jets of particle-laden fluids. The particles are predominantly very fine-grained sulfide minerals formed when the hot hydrothermal fluids mix with near-freezing seawater. Large numbers of organisms are found around vents. Link: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.htm -
Barbara McClintock describes transposons
Barbara McClintock was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1983 in recognition of the discovery of jumping genes and her many other contributions to the field of genetics. McClintock found that some TEs can "jump" autonomously, she initially noted that the movements of Ds are regulated by an autonomous element called "activator" (Ac), which can also promote its own transposition. Link: http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Barbara-McClintock-and-the-Discovery-of-Jumping-34083 -
Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction
Dr. Kary Mullis is the developer of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR is based on using the ability of DNA polymerase to synthesize new strand of DNA complementary to the offered template strand. This technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. Link: http://www.karymullis.com/pcr.shtml -
Tommie Lee Andrews is convicted of rape
On Feb 5, 1988, a jury had convicted Andrews of rape on the basis of the DNA ''fingerprint'' of his blood. On May 9, 1986, Andrews was broken into the home of a woman, raped and stabbed her. He had said that he had never left his apartment the night the this woman was attacked. However, an expert in genetics analysis had testified that the DNA ''fingerprint'' of Andrews' blood matched that of the rapist's semen. Link: http://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/06/us/rapist-convicted-on-dna-match.html -
Dolly the sheep is cloned
On July 5th, 1996, Dolly, a Finn Dorset sheep, was born by cloning. Dolly was the world's first mammal to be cloned successfully from an adult cell. Dolly's birth and subsequent survival proved that adult cells can reprogram themselves into a new being. Link: http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/HIS135/events/dolly96/Dolly_Module.html -
Human genome is fully sequenced
In 2003, the human genome is as complete as it can be. They were able to sequence method remain and mounting for about 1 percent of the gene-containing portion of the genome, or euchromatin. Link: https://www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/ -
Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil discovered
The fossil was discovered in the Djurab Desert of Chad by a French paleontologist Michael Brunet. It was is one of the oldest known species in the human family tree. It is believed that this species lived sometime between 7 and 6 million years ago in West-Central Africa. It had human and ape like features. Link: http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis -
Richard L Bible is executed
Richard Lynn Bible (49 years old) was executed by the state of Arizona on June 30, 2011 for molesting and fatally bludgeoning a 9-year-old Jennifer Wilson in 1988. He asked an appeals court and the U.S. Supreme Court to delay his execution for DNA testing on hairs used as evidence in his trial. Finally, he received a lethal injection after being on death row for more than two decades. Link: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/arizona-executes-richard-bible-for-killing-9-year-old-girl-in-1988/
