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Christopher Columbus (d.1506) is born as is Amerigo Vespucci (d. 1512), explorers.
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Nicolas Copernicus was born.
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The Malleus Malificarum is published as an influential guidebook to identifying witches and bringing them to punishment.
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The London College of Physicians is granted a royal charter and functions both as a traditional professional guild as well as a learned society.
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In mathematics, Girolamo Cardano's (1501-1576) The Great Art contained many algebraic innovations and new methods for treating equations of the third degree.
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Galileo Galilei was born at Pisa, Italy. Galileo was a famous painter, scientist, and scuplurist.
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Conrad Gessner publishes a massive and highly influential work, the History of Animals.
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Thomas Harriot proposed the sine law of refraction, which he failed to publish.
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In mathematics, John Napier (1550-1617) in his Description of the Wonderful Principle of Logarithms establishes rules for logarithms and supplies useful tables.
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Johannes Kepler's Rudolphine Tables, based of Tycho's data and his own laws and planetary motion, provide the most accurate astronomical tables up to that time.
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Christiaan Huygens' pendulum clock opens the possibility of determining the equation of time directly, which would overcome difficulties associated with a problem of planetary theory, solar parallax.
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Sir Isaac Newton concentrated and sustained interest in alchemy.
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Edmond Halley provides a mathematical equation for finding the focal lengths of lenses of all shapes.
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Publication of John Flamsteed's Historia coelestis Britannica, which contains positions for some 3000 stars, more than three times that of Tycho's catalogue.
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Newton refuses to grant publication of Short Chronology but publishes it later. Newton suffers inflammation of his lungs and moves to Kensington.