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Industrial Revolution
The industrial revolution was a transition to new manufacturing processes in both Europe and the United States. This allowed for there to be more development in technology which was very important for people. -
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Ludwig van Beethoven
Beethoven was a key component in moving music towards Romanticism. He established the heroic topic in orchestral music and was the transitional composer between classicism and romanticism. He is a very well known composer to this day. His works include 9 symphonies, 32 piano sonatas, 1 opera, string quartets, masses, concertos, arias, Lieder, overtures, as well as other choral and chamber music. -
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E. T. A. Hoffmann
Hoffmann was a German writer and composer. He is well recognized as the writer of The Nutcracker fable. His writings very well capture Romanticism and was also known as an artist. His works include writings, stage works, piano works, vocal works, as well as some chamber and orchestral works. -
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Nicolo Paganini
Paganini was an Italian violinist and composer. He contributed significantly to the history of violin and the development of virtuosity. His works include violin-orchestral works, chamber music, violin solos, and a few vocal works. -
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Carl Maria von Weber
Weber was the founder of German Romantic Opera. He studied with Haydn and was an important conductor. His works include German opera, other dramatic works, cantatas, concertos, piano works, songs, 2 symphonies, and writings. -
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Giacomo Rossini
Rossini is the most famous composer in the early 19th century in Vienna. He composed mostly choral music and operas. His works include 39 operas, choral music, vocal works, and 2 sinfonia. -
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Gactano Donizetti
Donizetti was a student of Mayr. He was Verdi's immediate forerunner in serious Italian opera and was a prolific composer of all genres. His works include 70 operas, symphonies, chamber music, 100 songs, and choral music. -
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Franz Schubert
Schubert was an Austrian composer who created a genre of artistic and dramatic Lieder. He had expansive melodies, frequent modulations, and his pieces were romanticized after his early death. His works include over 600 Lieder, 9 symphonies, chamber music, piano works, 13 operas, and choral music. -
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Hector Berlioz
Berlioz was a French composer, conductor, writer, and innovator. He was the leading French musician in his day. His works embody the notions of Romanticism. His compositions include operas, choral music, chamber music, tone poems, symphonies, works of untraditional genres, vocal works, and writings. -
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Mikhail Glinka
Glinka was regarded as the father of Russian music. He was a prolific, European trained composer. His works include stage works, chamber music, orchestra works, piano works, and vocal works. -
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Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel
Mendelssohn Hensel had the same training as Felix. She was discouraged from composing, got married, then began to publish more. Her house was a center for intellectuals and culture. Her works include an overture, 250 Lieder, 28 choral works, and chamber music. -
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Felix Mendelssohn
Mendelssohn was an early romantic and was a German composer with Jewish heritage. He composed in a conservative style and revived Bach's music. He was important as a conductor. His works include symphonies, concertos, chamber music, Lieder, as well as piano and organ works. -
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Robert Schumann
Schumann was important as a critic, editor, and composer. Though he was the center of musical life, he lost his sanity at a young age. His works include 4 symphonies, Lieder, chamber music, piano works, concertos, and 1 opera. -
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Frederic Francois Chopin
Chopin was a French/Polish composer and pianist. He innovated new piano techniques and is more famous in the present than when he was living. He was very well known for his character pieces. His works include piano concertos, chamber music that involved a piano, and sonatas. -
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Franz Liszt
Liszt was a virtuoso pianist, a conductor, author, and a supporter of Wagner. He was an innovator in musical forms, aesthetics, and harmonies. He was an inventor of the orchestral tone poem. His works include piano works, tone poems, dramatic works, Lieder, concertos, piano works, vocal works, and writings. -
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Giuseppe Verdi
Verdi was the leading Italian opera composer of the 19th century. He was known as the national hero of Italy. His works include 26 operas and choral music. -
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Richard Wagner
Wagner was a creator of German Music Dramas. He was a conductor, writer, and musical innovator. He wrote about music of the future. He was anti-sematic and profoundly influenced western harmony. Wagner strove for endless melodies. His works include operas, music dramas, writings, and 2 poor symphonies. -
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Charles Gounod
Gounod was a French prolific composer and wrote in most genres of the day. His works include 12 operas, oratorios, masses, much choral music, and piano works. -
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Jacques Offenbach
Offenbach was the founder of Opera bouffe and introduced the can-can. His works include 97 dramatic works, vocal works, ballets, dance music, and works for cello. -
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Clara Wieck Schumann
Schumann was a virtuoso pianist. She was the wife of Robert Schumann and a close friend of Brahms. Her works include Lieder and piano concerto. -
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Cesar Franck
Franck was a French nationalist composer, teacher, and organist. His compositions include stage works, choral music, orchestral works, chamber music, songs, as well as piano and organ works. -
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Anton Bruckner
Bruckner was an Austrian composer and organist. He was a follower of Wagner and known for his large orchestrations. He had an incredibly conscientious approach to composition. His works include symphonies, organ music, and choral music. -
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Bedrich Smetana
Smetana was a Czech composer and established Czech opera in the 19th century. He was a nationalist. His works include tone poems and operas. -
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Johann Strauss
Strauss was a Viennese composer, conductor, and violinist. He was called the "waltz-king". His works include Viennese operettas. -
Railroad
The railroad was developed during this era, which became a very important means of transportation. This allowed for people to be able to meet up. -
Modern Day Flute
The modern day flute was invented in 1830, made in Germany. -
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Johannes Brahms
Brahms was an Austrian composer, known as a classic-romantic. He had a strong knowledge of the musical past. He was one of the first editors of Bach's music. He was a conductor, pianist, and friends with the Schumanns. He never wrote an opera. His works include 4 symphonies, concertos, choral music, chamber music, Lieder, German Requiem, piano works, as well as other orchestral works. -
Tuba
The basstuba, which was the historical precursor of our modern day tuba, was invented on September 12th, 1835. -
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Camille Saint-Saens
Saint-Saens was a French composer, pianist, organist, and writer. His works include stage works, choral music, songs, orchestral works, chamber music, piano works, and writings. -
Telegraph
The telegraph was invented in 1837. It was a very important invention that made communication easier for people separated by long distances. -
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Georges Bizet
Bizet was a French composer who created a new type of serious French opera. His works include, dramatic works, piano works, and songs. -
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Modest Musorgsky
Musorgsky was one of the Russian Mighty Five. He is the most famous of the 5 today. His music is rooted in Russian folksong and lore. His works include operas, orchestral works, piano works, Russian songs and cycles as well. -
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John Knowles Paine
Paine was an American organist, composer, and teacher of the new generation of American composers. He was Harvard's first professor of music. His works include stage works, choral music, songs, orchestral works, piano and chamber works, and writings. -
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Piotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky
Tchaikovsky was a Russian composer, conductor, and teacher. He was western trained. His works were emotional and had conservative harmonic language. His compositions include stage works, 6 symphonies, symphonic poems, concertos, choral and chamber music, songs, and writings. -
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Antonin Dvorak
Dvorak was the most famous of the Czech composers. He lived in the USA and was influenced by African-American and Native-American music and culture. -
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Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov
Rimsky-Korsakov was one of the Russian Mighty Five. He was important as a teacher and was a conductor. He wrote an orchestration treatise. His works include symphonies, 20 stage works, chamber music, choral music, symphonic poems, piano works, songs, and writings. -
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Gabriel Faure
Faure was a French composer, teacher, and keyboardist. He foreshadowed modern tonality and style. He was extremely important as a teacher and was the head of the Paris Conservatory. His works include stage works, songs, writings, piano works, choral music, vocal and orchestral works, as well as chamber music. -
Saxophone
The saxophone was invented during the 1840s but was not patented until June 28th, 1846. -
Morse Code
Along with the invention of the telegraph, morse code was invented as a means to communicate via the telegraph. A conference was held by the European nations to account for letters with diacritic marks in order to create a proper 'alphabet'. -
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Leos Janacek
Janacek was a Czech composer, ethnomusicologist, and influenced by folk music. His works include stage works, orchestral works, chamber music, choral music, keyboard works, folksong arrangements and editions as well. -
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John Philip Sousa
Sousa was an American composer and the leader of the U.S. Marine Band in 1880. His works include over 100 marches and vocal works. -
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Edward Elgar
Elgar was an English composer. He received international acclaim and was not folksong oriented. His works include symphonies, overtures, 9 stage works, choral music, chamber music, and piano works. -
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Giacomo Puccini
Puccini was an Italian opera composer. He had a gift for delicate melodies and strove for realism. He was the most successful Italian opera composer after Verdi. His works include 10 operas, vocal works, a few instrumental and chamber works as well. -
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Hugo Wolf
Wolf was a composer who mostly wrote Lieder. He was influenced by Wagner. His works include 250 Lieders and 1 opera. -
Modern Day Oboe
The modern day oboe we use today was invented during the romantic era. There were no fundamental changes to the general characteristic of the instrument, but the instrument was developed with the use of different materials which overall improved the tone quality of the instrument. -
Edison's Phonograph
The phonograph was invented by Thomas Edison. His invention allowed people to listen to any music they wanted whenever they please. -
Incandescent Lightbulb
The lightbulb was a great invention that allowed places to be lit without the usage of flames. This was very important for many people, including musical composers.