-
Peace in the colonies
Since the British government rarely interfered with colonial affairs, most Americans seemed quite content to be ruled by Britain. -
Steam Engine
James Watt was asked to repair a Newcomen engine, Instead he added a separate condenser and steam pump and transformed Newcomen's machine into a geniune steam engine. -
Period: to
Industrial Revolution
It brought about thorough and lasting transformations, not just in business and economics but in the basic structures of society. Bfero industrialization, social structures remained essentially as thed had been during the Middle Ages. The advent of industrial development revamped patterns of human settlement, labor and family life. -
Bridgewater Canal
Considered the first true canal of the Industrail Revolution and one of the most important developments in the history of British civil engineering. It was commissioned by Francis Egerton, Duke of Bridgewater, to transport coal from his mines in Worsley to Manchester.It was a commercial success, reducing the cost of coal by about half and spurring further canal construction. It played a key role in the growth of Manchester as an industrial city and became a model for canals around the world. -
Proclamations made by King Geroge III
He issued a proclamation that forbade colonists to settle west of the Appalachians until proper treaties had been made with the Amerindians. This angered the colonists who became angrier when the British government told them they must pay new taxes on imports of sugar, coffee, textiles and other goods to make up for the cost of the previous war with France. -
Stamp Act
The British Parliament passed a law called the Stamp Act, intended to raise money to pay for the defense of the colonies. This declared colonists had to buy special stamps and attach them to printed materials. Americans claimed the right to elect their representatives and decide the taxes they paid but with no representatives in the British Parliament, they refused taxation with no representation. Representatives from nine colonies met in New York and formed the Stamp Act Congress in response. -
Declaratory Act
This opposition forced the British government to withdraw the Stamp Act, but determined to show the colonies that they had the right to tax them, Parliament passed another law called the Declaratory Act. This stated that the British government had “full power and authority over the colonies and people of America in all cases whatsoever”. -
Spinning Jenny
The Spinning Jenny revolutionized the textile industry by allowing one worker to spin multiple threads simultaneously, significantly increasing yarn production while reducing production costs. Invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves and perfected in 1768. -
More taxes
The British placed new taxes on tea, paper, pain and other goods the colonies imported. A special customs office was set up in Boston to collect the new duties. -
1st Modern Factory
Richard Arkwright's mill at Cromford was one of the first successful water-powered cotton-spinning mills and a key milestone in the development of the factory system during the Industrial Revolution. The mill introduced significant innovations in organization and management, including the division of labor and the use of a strict work regimen and became a model for later industrial establishments. -
Water Frame
The Water Frame was a spinning frame that used water power to drive the spinning machinery, allowing for the mechanized production of yarn on a much larger scale than was possible with the Spinning Jenny. Invented by Richard Arkwright. -
Boston Massacre
Riots broke out in Boston which led to a confrontation in which British soldiers shot and killed several colonists who were part of a mob harassing the soldiers. The incident escalated tensions between the American colonies and Britain. -
Boston Tea Party
Since the British Parliament refused to remove the taxes imposed on tea, Colonists, disguised as Native Americans, boarded British ships and dumped chests of tea into Boston Harbor. This became a symbol of colonial resistance against British rule. -
Intolerable Acts
It closed the port of Boston, punishing the people for their actions, until the East India Company had been reimbursed for the tea destroyed.
First continental congress. The Acts were seen by many colonists as a direct attack on their rights and liberties, leading to widespread outrage and calls for action. The First Continental Congress met to discuss a unified response to these Acts. -
18th April
British soldiers marched out of Boston to seize weapons and ammunition from the colonists. Eight Minutemen were shot. -
Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, acting as an American national government. Set up an army of 17.000 men commanded by Washington. -
Period: to
American Revolution
It was an insurrection carried out by 13 of Great Britain´s North American colonies. They won political independence and went on to form the United States of America. -
July 2nd
America cuts political ties with Britain. -
Declaration of Independence
Issued Declaration of Independence. Written by Jefferson. -
NYC
Britain captured New York City. -
The Wealth of Nations
Adam Smith wrote a book in wich he said the goverment should stay out of trade and industry, which laid the foundation for classical economics and is considered one of the most influential works in the field of economics. -
Saratoga
The Americans trapped 6000 British men at Saratoga. Success began to come to the Americans. -
France allies with America
As a result of the patriot victory at Saratoga and American diplomatic efforts, France allies itself with the new American government. More soldiers and money. -
Spinning Mule
Crompton combines the best of the spinning jenny and the water frame and creates the spinning mule. -
1778 onwards
Most of the fighting took place in the southern colonies. -
Washington
Washington surrounded 8000 British troops on the coast of Virginia. -
Rotary motion steam engine
William Murdoch and James Watt invented together this engine that could be used to drive many different machines. The engines were used in textile mills, breweries, iron foundries and flour mills which led to the growth of machine tool industry. -
17th October
The British army surrendered to Washington. -
Treaty of Paris
Britain recognized her former colonies as an independent nation -
Puddling and rolling process of iron
Henry Cort devised the puddling process that consisted of melting pig iron in a reverberatory furnace and stirring it with iron rods to burn off impurities to produced a refined iron, which was more malleable and had a higher tensile strength than cast iron. He also developed a method for rolling it into sheets or bars, passing the heated wrought iron through rollers to shape it into the desired form which produced iron of uniform thickness,ideal for use in construction and machinery. -
Power Loom
Invented by Edmund Cartwright, the power loom mechanized the process of weaving, which had previously been done by hand. This invention increased production since the power loom could weave much faster than manual labors and this speed lowered costs making textiles more affordable and accessible. -
Collapse of Estates-General
The Third Estate declared itself the true National Assembly of France, to campaign for constitutional reform and sworn to remain together until it had given France a constitution. Tennis Court Oath. -
Women's march to Versailles
They pushed the revolution forward when shortages of bread persisted. 7000 women marched 12 miles from Paris to Versailles demanding the king redress their economic problems. -
Period: to
French Revolution
It was a series of developments that unfolded between 1789 and 1799. In the late of the 18th century France was on the brink of bankruptcy due to its involvement in the American Revolution and King Louis XVI´s extravagant spending. This led to a people´s revolt against the inequalities of French society, the corruption of royal officials and despair owing to widespread economic hardship. -
Storming of Bastille
“Parisian” revolution began in response to food shortages, soaring bread prices, 25% unemployment and fear of military repression. In retaliation, rebels storm the prison fortress of the Bastille, a symbol of royal authority. -
August 4th
National Assembly voted to abolish feudalism in France and declared equality of taxation to all classes. -
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Became the constitutional blueprint for France. Freedom of religion and expression. “Citizen” applied to all French people, regardless of class. -
Creation of the Constitution
France became a constitutional monarchy with a unicameral Legislative Assembly. France divided into 83 departments. -
Haitian Revolution
It was a successful insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the socereign state of Haiti. Ended in 1804 with the former colony´s independence. -
Lous XVI tried to escape France
Him and the Queen were captured and became prisoners of the Parisian mobs. King forced to accept a constitutional monarchy. -
Legislative Assembly
New group of legislators replaced the National Assembly in the new government. Jacobins came to dominate the Legislative Assembly. -
War
The Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria. French revolutionary forces were defeated by the Austrian military. -
Brunswick Manifesto
Issued by Prussia and Austria, threatened to destroy Paris if the royal family was harmed. -
Imprisonment of the King
Tuleries was stormed and the King was taken prisoner. -
New Assembly
The National Convention. France was proclaimed a republic, abolishing the monarchy and installing republicanism. Based on the ideas of Equality, Liberty, Fraternity. -
Reign of Terror
"Law of suspects". Louis XVI convicted of treason and executed by guillotine. Nine months later Marie-Antoinette was also executed.
40.000 people died in prison or were executed by guillotine. Terror became political terror. -
Committee of Public Safety
It became an "emergency government" to deal with internal and external challenges to the revolution. They Introduced Law Of Maximum, a planned economy to respond to food shortages and related economic problems. Early version of socialism. Slavery abolished in Santo Domingo and Haiti, French colonies. -
Thermidorian Reaction
Ended reign of terror. Significant swing to the right. -
The Directory
They chose a five-member executive to govern France and a bicameral legislature. New Constitution written. -
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Toussaint L'Ouverture was a key figure in the Haitian Revolution. In 1796, he declared himself the ruler of Haiti, asserting control over the colony. His leadership played a crucial role in securing Haiti's independence from colonial rule. He implemented policies aimed at stabilizing the nation and promoting its economic growth. -
Bonaparte took power
The Directory was unable to maintain control of the government. Military leader Napoleon Bonaparte, who was commander of France’s armies, organized a coup d’état, abolishing the Directory and naming himself first consul, or leader of France. -
Locomotive
Richard Trevithick built a steam engine wich moved along wheels on rails. -
Althorp's Factory Act
Applied to all textile industries. Banned work for children under 9 years old and a maximum of 42-hour week for children aged 9-13, 69.hour week for thosed aged 13-16 and banned night work for minors of 18. It also banned childred from cleaning, machinery in motion. -
Mines and Collieries Act
Applied only to mines. Banned underground work for women and children under 10 years old and no winding gear to be operated by anyone under 15. -
Graham's Factory Act
Applied to all textile factories. Reduced minimum age of work to 8 years old but maximum hours to 6 1/2 hours per day for those aged 8-13 and 12 hours for those under 18 and all women. -
Sewing Machine
Elias Howe invented it. -
Fielden's Factory Act
Maximum 10-hour day for those under 18 years of age and women. -
Factories and Workshops Act
Applied all previous laws on working conditions to all factories and workshops with more than 50 workers. -
Factory Act
Applied all previous laws and inspectors to every workplace with machinery to ensure all workers in the industry were protected