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130 BCE
Galen of Pergamon describes the human body
He made vast achievements in the understanding of the heart, the nervous system, and the mechanics of breathing.Human dissection was forbidden, he performed many of his dissections on apes. -
1546
The Germ Theory
The germ theory was proposed by Girolamo Fracastoro in 1546, and expanded upon by Marcus von Plenciz in 1762. This theory states that many diseases are caused by things called microorganisms.Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause a disease. -
Scala Naturae
Aristotle was the first to give the first detailed classification of living things. Although he was not a scientist,observed and wrote about the natural world. Scala naturae referred to the Natural Ladder meaning that world could be arranged in a single continuum. -
Lamarck develops Hypothesis of evolution
Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics. Lamarck believes that if an organism changes during their life time in order to adapt to its environment, those changes will be passed on to its offspring. -
The Voyage of the HMS Beagle
The Beagle explored the coast of South America, leaving Darwin free to explore the continent and islands, including the Galápagos. During his travel, he discovered several things about animals and that is where he started writing. After this he became a famous and respected writer. -
The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection is published
Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.His theory argued that organisms gradually evolve through a process he called “natural selection.This means that the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring -
Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur designed an experiment to test whether sterile nutrient broth could spontaneously generate microbial life.The Louis Pasteur experiment refuted the notion of spontaneous generation.He came to the conclusion that life can essentially arise from anything, even out of thin air. -
Father of Genetics
Mendel is known for the discovery of the fundamental laws of inheritance. He discovered that genes come in pairs and are inherited from their parents. He realized that the parents have dominate and recessive traits that define the appearance of their offspring. -
The Challenger Oceanography Expedition sails around the world
The Challenger Oceanography Expedition was used to sail around the world. It was used to explore and investigate the seafloor, biology, geology, oceans, and chemistry. -
Plasmodium falciparum is described as the causative agent of malaria
Plasmodium falciparum is described as the causative agent of malaria and is found to be a parasite in a blood that was contracted from malaria.This disease was usually transmitted by mosquito and contaminated several people. -
Alfred Russel Wallace
Wallace developed some of his most important ideas about natural selection. He discovered that animals adapt to their environment. Later him and Darwin published a paper together discussing their theory. -
Hardy and Weinberg independently develop the Hardy-Weinberg equation
This is a mathematical equation describing the distribution and expression of alleles in a population, and it expresses the conditions under which allele frequencies are expected to change. -
T. Hunt Morgan discovers sex-linkage
Morgan observed a fly and he confirmed the chromosome theory. Because the fly looked different,he was able to figure out why it looked the way it did. Morgan also became the first person to link the inheritance of a specific trait with a particular chromosome. -
Niels Bohr develops the Bohr model
Bohr suggested that electrons could only have certain motions: Electrons in atoms orbit the nucleus. His model shows the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons. -
Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation
He published that information could somehow be transferred between different strains of bacteria.Because of this, it lead to the discoveries of Crick and Watson, who discovered the exact structure of DNA, and the mechanisms used for storing and transferring information -
Genetics and the Origin of Species
This book was the first substantial synthesis of the subjects and established evolutionary genetics as an independent discipline. IT was written by Theodosius Dobzhansky. Furthermore, aevidence accumulated that in a given local population some genes would regularly change in frequency with the seasons of the year. -
Beadle and Tatum
This is the idea that genes act through the production of enzymes that in turn affects a single step in a metabolic pathway. -
SCUBA
The action of being able to be under water and still survive was a very exciting idea. Scientist tried several different things to try and make it work but something always went wrong. Jacques-Yves Cousteau took this project and was finally able to solve the problem and allowed people to be underwater. They called it SCUBA. -
Oswald Avery
Oswald Avery performed a series of groundbreaking experiments with the bacteria that cause pneumonia.Through a series of experiments, Avery and his colleagues found that only DNA could change R type bacteria into S type. This meant that something about DNA allowed it to carry instructions from one cell to another.This result highlighted DNA as the transforming factor. -
The first atomic bomb is used in war
This was the first Atomic bomb used during WW2. This bomb was extremely powerful and was able to wipe out the how city of Hiroshima Japan. -
Miller-Urey experiments published
This experiment demonstrated that organic compounds can be formed by the earths atmosphere. Their experiments, along with geological, biological, and chemical evidence,helps support their theory that the first life forms arose spontaneously through chemical reactions. -
Ensatina
As populations moved towards the south, they evolved into several subspecies. They came with new color patterns and adaptations for living in different environments. Because of all of these changes, it was clear that they had each evolved so much that they no longer interbred even though the subspecies blended around the rest of the ring.Since species are often defined by their inability to interbreed with other species, Ensatina seemed to represent the whole process of speciation. -
Hershey-Chase experiments
Hershey belived that proteins carriedgenetic information.In order to prove that proteins carry genetic information, he counducted an experiment. He tracked the transfer of proteins and DNA between a virus and its host. Hershey later discovered and had evidence that DNA, not protein, is the source of genetic material. -
DNA Structure
Francis Crick discovered that the DNA structure comes in a double helix form. Researchers had been working on DNA genes for a couple years but they did not know what it looked like. After discovering its shape, they discovered that the DNA double helix molecule could produce exact copies of itself and carry genetic instructions. -
Rosalind Franklin works with DNA
Watson and Crick were at the Cavendish Laboratory and had been working on solving the DNA structure. Franklin did not know Watson and Crick as well but with the help of Wilkins, Watson and Crick were able to see the X-ray data Franklin obtained. The data confirmed the 3-D structure that Watson and Crick had theorized for DNA. -
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication
Watson and Crick's discovered the DNA structure and revealed a possible mechanism for the replication of DNA. Then Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, the exact relationship between DNA structure and replication. Years later the publication of Meselson and Stahl's results. -
Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis
She proposed that there were similarities between prokaryotes and organelles, and together with their appearance in the fossil record, could best be explained by endo-symbiosis .Her original hypothesis said that aerobic bacteria were ingested by anaerobic bacteria, and each had a survival advantage as long as they continued their together. -
Nirenberg cracks the genetic code
Nirenberg discovered the first triplet.This was a sequence of three bases of DNA that codes for one of the 20 amino acids that serve as the building blocks of proteins. -
Moon Landing
The firs successful landing of the moon was on July 20, 1969. The first person to set foot on the moon was a man called Neil Armstrong. It was a huge event because it was the first time someone from earth set foot on another planet and brought back samples. -
Barbara McClintock describes transposons
McClintock was known for the discovery of the jumping genes. She discovered a chromosome-breaking locus where it could change its position within a chromosome. -
Theodosius Dobzhansky
The evolutionary biologist wrote this essay critisising anit-evolution creationism and promoting theistic evolution -
AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS
Lucy was believed to be between 3.9 and 2.8 million years ago.Lucy a partial skeleton, was discovered in 1974. When they examined her, they disovered that she was bipedal. This meant that she could walk on two legs but they believed that she probably also spent a lot of time climbing trees in search of food or shelter. -
Spliceosomes
Spliceosomes are multimegadalton ribonucleoprotein complexes found in eukaryotic nuclei. They assemble on RNA
polymerase II transcripts from which they excise RNA sequences called introns and splice together the sequences called exons. -
The Sanger Technique
Sanger sequencing is the process of selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication. This technique was developed by Fredrick Sanger. -
Deep sea hydrothermal vents
Scientist were examining the ocean when they asked them selves how can the temperature change so quickly with such a short distance. Hydro thermal vents are like hot springs on the ocean floor. Hydro thermal vent structures are characterized by different physical and chemical factors, including the minerals, temperatures, and flow levels of their plumes. -
Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction
This discovery allowed scientists to obtain many samples of DNA. This technique is also used to convict people and use their DNA against them if found at a crime scene. -
Tommie Lee Andrews is convicted of rape
This man was convicted of rape due to a fingerprint found at the crime scene. -
Reproductive isolation
The term reproductive isolation is referred as a collection of evolutionary behaviors ,mechanisms, and physiological processes critical for speciation. Along with this,it helps prevent members of different species from producing offspring. -
The Innocence Project
The Innocence Project was created to help individuals who were wrongfully convicted. They are able to use the DNA to help solve cases. -
CRISPR-Cas9
It is a technoligy that helps scientist and researchers edit genomes. They are able to alter parts of the DNA sequence. -
Dolly the sheep is cloned
Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to ever be cloned in the united states. By cloning her, it has been proved that their cells can be used to make the exact same animal. -
Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil discovered
Sahelanthropus tchadensis is known as one of the oldest species to have lived. It is believed that it lived 7 and 6 million years ago in West-Central Africa. Studies so far show this species had a combination of ape-like and human-like features. -
Human Genome
The human genome contains approximately 3 billion of base pairs. A genome is an organism's complete set DNA. The draft for this project started in 2000,but it was not until 2003 that they successfully completed a high-quality version of the human sequence. -
Homo denisova
The Denisovan is an extinct species that lived thousands of years go. In 2010, a finger of a young female was discovered and was believed to belong to this species. After running the bone for DNA, they came to a conclusion that it was related to the Netherlands. -
Richard L Bible is executed
Bible kidnapped a young girl from Arizona and murdered her. His DNA was found on her body and he was given the death penalty.