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Rome and Carthage signed a treaty against Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, whom posed a threat to both of them.
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The Appease Clodus Codex crossed over into Sicily and the First Punic War began.
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Rome won the alliance of the town Hieron in north-east Sicily. The offensive was led by Claudius and Marcus Valerius Messalla.
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The Romans won further in 262 BC with the towns of Segesta and Agrigentum. Agrigentum won after a long and costly siege. The Carthaginians fought fiercely at every stop. Rome decided that victory could only be achieved by controlling all of Sicily.
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Romans were inexperienced at naval warfar, they were defeated in the Lipara Islands. Battle of Mylae the Romans gained a victory by outfitting their ships with hinged planks, that allowed them to make use of their excellent infanry in naval engagements.
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Roman force lead by M.Atilius Regulus and L.Manlius defeat Carthaginians lead by Hamilcar Barca. Roman army invades Africa.
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Romans in Africa defeated
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Carthaginian Army returns to Sicily
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Roman victory
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Carthaginian victory on land and sea
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Romans continue attacks on Sicily.
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Lilybaeum and Drepanum were captured by the Romans.
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Carthaginian fleet defeatedand the peace treaty forces Carthage to give up Sicily and to pay retribution money to Rome.The First Punic War ends.
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Carthage agreed to pay a steep tribute, but it wasn't enough to the nation of traders and merchants. Rome and Carthage would fight again.
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Carthage agreed to pay a steep tribute to Rome, but it wasn't enough for the nation of traders and merchants. A second war would soon begin between Carthage and Rome.
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Hannibal lays siege to the Spanish city of Saguntum. The city was a greek colony allied to Rome and this sparks the Second Punic War. Legions are sent to deal with Hannibal, but the Carthaginians escape.
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The Second Punic War broke out in 218 when Hannibal took control of the Greek city and Roman ally. Rome thought it would be easy to defeat Hannibal, but he was full of surprises.
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Hannibal leads an army into Italy. He brought 34 elephants with him, but only 7 survived the journey. In November was the Battle of Ticinus, where Romans lead by consul Scipio defeated. In December was the Battle of Trebia, where Hannibal defeats Ti.Sempronius Longus and his Romans.
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In April was the Battle of Lake Trasimene, Carthaginians soundly beat the army of consul. In Summer was the Battle of Geranium, it was a draw.
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In August was the Battle of Cannae, although being vastly superoior in numbers, the Romans under C. Terentius Varro suffer a terrible defeat. Roman city of Capua defects.
Battle of Nola- Hannibal repulsed. -
Second Battle of Nola. Hannibal was pushed back again.
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Macedonia becomes allied with Carthage. The First Macedonian War begins.
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Results in a stalemate.
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Hannibal takes Tarentum, the largest port in Italy. Capua is put under siege by the Romans. At the battles of Capua and Herdonia the Paetorian amries are defeated.
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Carthaginian forces defeat two Roman armies, and gaining control of all of Spain south of the Ebro. Hanibal marches on Rome without much effect. In Italy, Capua is retaken by the Romans.
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In the Battle of Herdonia, Hannibal destroys two Roman consular armies. At the Battle of Numistro the Romans are defeated again.
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In Spain, Scipio Africanus captures new Carthage. Roman forces under M.Claudius Marcellus are defeated by Hannibal. Raerntum is retaken by Rome.
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Hasdrubal Barca is defeated by Scipio at the battle of Baecula.
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Hasdrubal Barca crosses the Alps into Italy and Hannibal marches north to meet him. Before they could join, Hasdrubal's army is stoppped at the Metaurus River and is defeated by the romans. Hasdrubal is killed and Hannibal flees south again.
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In the Battle of Ilipa, Scipio Africanus defeats the Carthaginians.
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In the Battle of the Great Plains, two Carthaginian armies under Syphax and Hasdrubal Gisgo were defeated. Hannibal manages to sneak his army out of Italy and arrives to the defend of Carthage.
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In the Battle of Zama, after a failed elephant charge, Hannibal's army is completely defeated. Carthage surrenders. Rome requires the Carthaginians to give up Spain, the islands, North Africa, her navy, and her army. Scipio finally defeated Hannibal, at the Battle of Zama.
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A treaty was signed. Carthage had to surrender her navy, all territorial claims in Spain, and had to pay reparations in the amount of 10,000 talents over 50 years. It was the end of the Second Punic War.
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At the end of the Second Punic War, Carthage no longer had her empire, but she was still a shrewd trading nation. By the middle of the second century, Carthage was thriving and it was hurting the trade of those Romans who had investments in North Africa.
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The Third Punic War was the last of the punic wars. It was between Carthage and the Roman Republic.
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Rome declared war because Carthage had broken the treaty.
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Carthage didn't stand a chance, but the war was drawn out for three years.
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Eventually a descendant of Scipio Africanus, Scipio Aemilianus, defeated the starved citizens of the besieged city of Carthage.
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The Third Punic War ended in 146 BC
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After killing or selling all the inhabitants into slavery, the Romans razed and burned the city. No one was allowed to live there.
