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1st? City Ordinance empowering board of health to register and inspect prosts
St. Louis, Missouri -
1st (separate) Women's Reformatory founded in Indiana
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Physicians first write of "American Plan"
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1890s Society for Prevention of Crime started in NY - one of 1st private organizations to do antiprost work
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1st Eugenics Sterilization Law Proposed - Michigan
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Committee of Fifteen - antiprost group formed in NY to police immigrant/working class communities
funded by John D Rockefeller Jr -
1st Eugenics Law Passes - Indiana
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1st Law allowing brothel closure by govt w/o charges brought or court (Iowa)
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Mann Act
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Section 79 of Inferior Courts Act AKA Page Law (NY) - any woman convicted of vagrancy/prost requires examination and if infected must be imprisoned & treated by state
- leads to creation of Women's Night Court in Greenwich Village (court for women convicted of moral defenses)
- Struck down 1 YR later
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Period: to
Brothels Closing
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Municipal Clinic opens in SF
- required examination for prosts (they had to pay for)
- creation of photographic registry
- given certificate of treatment
- refusal = prosecution or forced exam
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CA 1st state to require physicians to report STIs to state and add G & S to list of diseases that need carriers to be quarantined
SNOW -
CA passes Red Light Abatement Act
passed 1913, in effect 1914
see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Light_Abatement_Act -
Hoke v US
court rules congress cannot regulate prostitution per se (that is state jurisdiction) but congress CAN regulate interstate travel for it and other immoral purposes -
American Social Hygiene Association (ASHA) founded - lobby for antiprost laws, reporting by their investigators
- marriage of abolitionists and social hygienists
- antiprost, white slavery w/ regulationist goals (sex ed, compulsive reporting, expanded treatment)
- Rockefeller $, Snow headed
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Caminetti v US
Mann Act encompasses other noncommercial sexual liaisons -
6+ states pass laws legalizing sterilization of "defectives" and "feeblemindedness"
- race + promiscuity played big roles in
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Summer - Snow learns most soldier STIs originate at home
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CTCA forms Commission on Training Camp Activists to control military recreation, suggest how to regulate/police
Fosdick
April ? -
Amendement to Section 12, 13 of Selective Service Act - sets radius and puts police in charge of vice repression
CTCA & Council of National Defense -
CA adapts rules to inspect, isolate w/o due process
July (SF) - State Health Board and War Dept meeting on STIs, 7 resolutions to police, isolate prosts and "low women" // laws later adopted -
Law Enforcement Division of CTCA created
- undercover officers told to focus on black communities
- if cities refused to cooperate, $ penalties (cities placed out of bounds for soldiers, etc)
- staff assisted by FBI
- Fosdick
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Surgeon General tells states to quarantine infected & carriers, all arrested ppl must be tested, suppress prost
Surgeon General Rupert Blue -
Committee for Protective Work for Girls created by CTCA - all women group
- maintain reformatories
- push for detention centers in camp towns
- expand policing from prost to all women suspected of having sex outside of marriage
- most were "wayward" women who rejected "middle class sexual mores" BUT
- not given enough funds for individual case work
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US enters WWI
-
The American Plan officially enacted under Chamberlain-Kahn Act
to combat the spread of venereal disease during WWI, govt given power to quarantine any women suspected of having an STI, military can arrest any women w/i 5 miles of military cantonment, medical examination required and if positive, can constitute proof of prostitution, by end of WWI 15,520 prosts imprisoned (est. 30,000 detained) see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlain-Kahn_Act
https://www.history.com/news/chamberlain-kahn-act-std-venereal-disease-imprisonment-women -
US Public Health Service publishes model law for states w/ 12 recommendations
main things: mandated VD reporting, quarantine, prohibit treatment w/o prescription, spread of is unlawful, records secret unless you're a "menace", prost is a big source of VD -
Section on Reformatories and Detention Houses created under Law Enforcement Division of CTCA
- March (?), Fosdick
- CTCA focus less on protection, more on punishment and removal
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CPWG moved under Law Enforcement Division of CTCA
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AG pushes attorneys for those suspected of lock up w/o trial
AG Thomas Watt Gregory -
Legislation like Section 79 re-passed in NY
- calls for lock up all suspected women
- April (?)
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Laws recommended enacted almost everywhere // by the end reporting and quarantine laws in 41 states
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WWI ends
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Period: to
18,000 Women in federally funded institutions
- More in state and private institutions
- usually segregated w/ worse conditions in non-white reformatories
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Military takes back oversight of their recreational activists from CTCA
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Testimony of Adrian, MI proves horrors of detention houses BUT instead of recognizing the problem, higher-ups thinks program needs to be harsher
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Act 272 of Public Health Bills AKA Dunn Bill in Michigan - mandatory reporting, investigation
- Dunn is an avowed eugenicist
- introduced March, passed in April after eliminating "reasonably suspected" clause BUT the ways in which the law is enacted disregards this
- in practice: mandates reporting w/ names and addresses of carriers, says all prosts & consorts are suspected cases, refusal to be tested is proof you are infected and must be quarantined, only active/infected cases quarantined, lady drs recommended 4 exams
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"AP" term occurs in ASHA publication "Social Hygiene Bulletin"
- AP becomes coinage for govt STI program
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Summer - CTCA investigators xfered to ISHB
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Chamberlain-Kahn creates Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board to take over regulating undesirable women AND Division of VD
- Part of Army Appropriation Act of 1919
- Snow is secretary of ISHB
- CK provides $ for prevention, control, treatment
- states must qualify for funding by sticking to the model rules
- Division of VD in USPHS to study, prevent, eliminate spread of STIs across state lines
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Eight Point Plan
War Department, the Navy, the Federal Security Agency, and state health departments crafted the Eight-Point Plan, a set of measures intended to curb the spread of STDs “in areas where armed forces or national-defense employees are concentrated.” https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/10/during-world-war-ii-sexually-active-women-were-a-national-security-threat/409555/ -
late 1930s, early 1940s
military sex education campaigns - posters, pamphlets, films
warned against prost, easy women -
May Act
Federal Offense to solicit sex near military base see: https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/10/during-world-war-ii-sexually-active-women-were-a-national-security-threat/409555/ -
Social Protection Provision
Govt created agency - goal: to combat prostitution in these(?military base?) areas, and appointed Eliot Ness, a Prohibition agent who had helped indict Al Capone, as its head