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Human papilloma virus infects the basal cells of the cervical epithelium (typically at the transformation zone of the cervix). -
HPV evades immune clearance and establishes persistent infection.
Viral DNA integrates into host DNA → expression of viral oncogenes E6 and E7, which:
• Inhibit p53 and Rb tumor suppressor proteins.
• Cause genomic instability and uncontrolled cell proliferation.
This is the earliest point where changes can begin leading to precancerous lesions. -
These are precancerous stages and are classified based on the severity of abnormal cell changes.
CIN 1. Low grade SIL—Mild dysplasia, abnormal cells in lower 1/3 of epithelium often clear spontaneously
CIN 2. High-grade SIL—Moderate dysplasia, abnormal cells in lower 2/3 may regress or progress
CIN 3. High-grade SIL—Severe dysplasia / carcinoma in situ (full-thickness abnormal cells, but no invasion)High risk of progression -
Once abnormal cells break through the basement membrane, it becomes invasive cancer.
Cancer is confined to the cervix it spreads beyond cervix, but not to pelvic wall or lower vagina. -
Cancer spreads to distant organs involving pelvic wall and/or lower vagina, possibly causes kidney issues.
Cancer has spread to bladder, rectum, or distant organs (e.g., lungs, liver) -
1-Ummaidatu Salihu
2-Asma’u Aminu Kofa
3-Rabi’u Usman Aliyu
4-Maryam Isah Hamza
5-Halima Nura Shehu
6-Muhammad Soliu Anifat
7-Hafsat Ridwan
8-Halima Mustapha Musa