-
40,000 BCE
Rock Paintings
Made by Homo Sapiens normally show animals, humans with animals characteristics andd abstrac drawings difficult to understand. It´s thought that these were made in sanctuaries like Altamira cave in Cantabria -
9000 BCE
Last glaciation (Würm)
This event is remarkable because it means the begining of the Mesolithic which lead to the Neolithic were humans became sedentary and learn ways of autosufiency like agriculture. -
Period: 3200 BCE to 2000 BCE
Millares y el Argar culture
Most evolved societies in the Iberian penisula they worked and used copper, they were sttled in hich places with walled towns. They buried dead bodies. It´s remarkable the megalithic arquitecture and bell-shaped ceramic. -
3000 BCE
Metallurgy
It meant an immense upgrade compared to Neolithic tools and weapons because it became more resistent and efficient. The objective was military supremacy but it quickly extended to jewellery and working tools -
Period: 2000 BCE to 700 BCE
Indoeuropean people
They penetrated through the Pyrennes coming from central and occidental Europe, they settled in the center and west of the Iberian peninsula. They knew iron metallurgy and introduced it however their economy and social structure wasn´t much evolved. -
800 BCE
Tartessos kingdom
They were the first State in the Iberian peninsula, their kings were legendary figures except Argantonio. Their wealth came from agriculture, cattle and mining. The fall of this kingdom remains unknown -
Period: 450 BCE to 201 BCE
Carthaginians
They took over the Mediterranean when Tiro fell to the Babilonians but after the First Punic Wars loss to Rome they wanted to make up for it conquering the Iberian peninsula. They founded Cartago-Nova in 227 b.C. Not too much after Rome declared war to them, Second Punic Wars -
Period: 201 BCE to 235
High Roman Empire
Romans got in the peninsula after the win in the war against Cartago. Arter that they conquered close to the whole peninsula. Then it started the romanization process. Hispania was divided in Ulterior and Citerior. The economy was slavery based on rural activies, business and industry, society was divided in free people and slaves -
Period: 235 to 746
III century crisis and Occidental Roman Empire fall
The crisis started whith the military anarchy which lead to Civil wars and social and political caos. Business went down and cities became unpopular, landlordism and villas became normal which force a closed economy. Thereform was ambitious but it didn´t work. In 409 Barbarians invaded the peninsula and in 476 the Empire came to an end. -
415
Visigothic origins in Hispania
In the year 415 the Visigoths entered Hispania.
Its initial settlement with capital in Tolosa, occupying half the territory of Gaul and almost the entire Iberian Peninsula. However, after the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire in 476 they finally settled south of the Pyrenees.
The Visigoths were small, compared to about four million Hispano-Romans. The main settlement areas were the central and northern plateau,. This Spanish period of the Visigothic kingdom had its capital in Toledo. -
Period: 711 to 722
Al-Andalus formation
After the weakness of the Visigothic kingdom the arabics penetrated in the peninsula. In 712 Tariq and Musa the 2 generals of arabic army met in Toledo preventing the choice of another Visigothic king. After that they go up north conquering the peninsula until 722 were they suffered their first loss in Covadonga -
Period: 711 to 1035
Resistance begining
These were little societies that didn´t surrender to the arabics, they were located in the north of the peninsula were the land gave them and advantage in the war. AStur-Leones kingdom, Castilla´s kingdom, Navarra´s kingdom and Catalonian counties. -
722
Covadonga´s battle
Considered the first major loss of the arabics or the the first win of the Christians in the reconquest of the peninsula. The ground gave the locals a big advantage over the arabic who saw their advance stopped in the north of the peninsula. -
Period: 722 to 1492
Repoblation
Is the process of settling christians in the land recovered from the arabs during the reconquest. This process had it changes over the time. Some say that without repoblation the reconquest couldn´t be done. -
929
Cordoba´s caliphate
Abd al-Rahman III pacified all the territory and claimed himself ``caliph of the muslims and defensor of the islam´s faith´´, becoming independent form Damascus and Kairouan. -
1237
Toledo´s Translators School
The school provided a better coexistence for the 3 culutres living toghether at the time. Culturally it was key to transmit culture and it became important internationally because it provided busisness for the kingdom. -
Period: 1238 to Jan 2, 1492
Granada kingdom
They managed survive Castilla´s kingdom by paying taxes but they decided not to pay forcing a war with Castilla that they lost when on January 2nd of 1492 Isabel the Catholic took the city of Granada. -
Period: 1273 to
The Mesta
Was an organization created by Alfonso X the Wise which consisted of a farming animals organisation which lead to an increasing economy due to the wool, it gave cattlers some facilities and privileges. -
1369
Mayorazgo
Was an institution which changed the relationships between the families and the nobility which secured the transmition to the offspring -
Period: 1410 to 1479
Aragon´s crown
Political problems ended up in confrontations between nobility and the crown because of the sucesionof the royalty. Aafter these were solved they expanded in the mediterranean this period ends when Juan II dies. -
Sep 4, 1479
Dynastic Union
Alcaçovas-Toledo treaty ended the Civil War and reckoned Isabel and Fernando as Spanish kings. The dynastic union made both kingdoms remain independent. -
Period: 1490 to 1497
Marriage policy with Portugal
Spanish Crown sistematically used marriage policy with Portugal as external politics. It didn´t quite worked out instantly but in 1580 Felipe II was able to claim Portugal´s throne. -
1492
Jewish expulsion
The Spanish Inquisition´s first labor was to prohibit Judaism. This was made so that the Jewish wouldn´t influence the youth to become jew. This made a huge impact on the labor fields because most of the workers were Jewish which created a crisis. -
Period: 1492 to 1504
Christopher Colombus
Colombus made 4 diferent journeys to America.
First (1492-1493): discovered San Salvador, La Española and Juana islands.
Second (1493-1496):reckoned the Antillas, Puerto Rico and Jamaica
Third (1498-1500): Venezuela´s shore and close islands
Fourth (1502-1504): discovered Central America -
Apr 17, 1492
Santa Fe´s Capitulations
Christopher Colombus thought about going to Asia sailing west to avoid the Mediterranean pirates from Turkey. In this capitulations Colombus agreed terms with the Castilla´s Crown to do this journey. According to the contract Colombus would get economical and aristocratic privileges of the land he discovered. -
1494
Tordesillas Treaty
Tordesillas´ Treaty signed by Portugal and Spain intended to divide the new world in two, being the west part for Spain and the east for Portugal. This treaty let Portugal acquire what now is Brazil. Both powers signed the treaty in order to avoid future issues about the new world. -
1500
Secret Granada Teatry
Fernando the Catholic signed with Luis XII the Secret Granada Teatry, which had divided Napoli kingdom between the 2 powers, Spain and France. After the ocupation border issues started a war that Spain won. -
1503
Hiring House
The Hiring House was created by the Catholic Kings in order to control and regulate everything related American business. It was estblished in Seville. -
1512
Burgos laws
They came to mean a meticulous regulation of: regime of work, wages, housing, care of the Indians ... However, the abuse
He continued towards the entrusted Indians, which unleashed a campaign in their defense. -
1519
Mexico conquer
Hernan Cortes went from Cuba to the mexican coast where he founded Veracruz. From there he met with the inca emperor Moctezuma. By 1521 Cortes took over the capital Tenochtitlán -
1521
Las Comunidades
Las Comunidades were local governments that were organized in a form of self-goverment and kicked out of town the crown government authorities. Padilla, Bravo and Maldonado, the heads of the Comunidades got decapitated, finishing the conflict. -
1542
New Laws
In 1542, King Charles I promulgated the New Laws, which protected the natives against abuses by settlers:
- The encomienda should be extinguished upon the death of the owner.
- The Indians could not be reduced to slavery.
- Personal services were disappearing and replaced by taxes (paid services) -
1547
Lutheran Reformation
With the Reformation, the urge of Independence increased in the German empire. This started the conflict Charles V who won. -
Expulsion of the moriscos
During the reign of Felipe III the moriscos isolated themselves in communities, they kept their traditions and they grew quickly. They were moved to Africa and it was a big demografic consequence that nobility didn't like. -
Reapers Revolution
With the presence of the Catalan troops and Italian troops in Catalonia due to the Roussillon campaign, the Corpus day the reapers started the revolution, raiding the viceroy's palace and assassinating him. -
The end of the 30 years War
The end of the Thirty Years' War took place after the defeat of the Spanish Tercios that led to the Peace of Westphalia where Spain recognized the independence of the Netherlands. -
The peace of the pyrenees
The sign of this peace would put an end to the conflict with France, where Spain loses its hegemony, in addition to Roussillon and Cerdanya. -
Ryswick treated
This treaty would put an end to the conflict between Spain and France. Spain through the Duke of Oropesa negotiated with other countries such as Sweden, Austria or England to prevent French expansion -
Period: to
war of spanish succession
The war of Spanish succession was an international conflict that lasted from 1701 until the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, whose fundamental cause was the death without descendants of Carlos II of Spain, the last representative of the House of Habsburg, and which left as a main consequence the establishment of the House of Bourbon on the throne of Spain. -
treaty Utrecht
The Treaty of Utrecht, is actually a set of treaties signed in the War of the Spanish Succession between 1713 and 1715 in the Dutch city of Utrecht. The treaties put an end to the war, although after their signing hostilities continued in Spanish territory until July 1715, when the Marquis of Asfeld took the island of Mallorca. In this treaty, Europe changed its political map. The second oldest current treaty for the matter of Gibraltar, a military post of the British Crown. -
family pact
Signed by Philip V of Spain and Louis XV of France on November 7, 1733
Philip V, who is the grandson of Louis XIV of France, ascended to the Spanish throne in 1700, being the first monarch of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain after the extinction of the Habsburg or Austrian branch with the death of Charles II of Spain. in 1700. He was recognized as king by the main European powers on the condition that the thrones of Spain and France were never united. -
Second family pact
The second family pact, signed on 1743 in Fontainebleau during the War of the Austrian Succession. After the death of Philip V in 1746, the new King Ferdinand VI of Spain carried out a policy of active neutrality between the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of France. He strengthened the fleet to avoid being drawn into the war and liquidated the second family pact, which freed him from supporting France in its wars. In exchange, the United Kingdom accepted . -
war 7 years
The Seven Years' War was a series of international conflicts between early 1756 and late 1763 to establish control over Silesia and for colonial supremacy in North America and India On the one hand, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Electorate of Hannover and the Kingdom of Great Britain took part, together with its American colonies and, some time later, its ally the Kingdom of Portugal and on the other hand the Electorate of Saxony, the Archduchy of Austria, the Kingdom of France, the Russian Empire -
Fontainebleau Treaty
Signed by Godoy and Napoleon, this treaty allowed the french army to go through Spain in order to attack Portugal a British allie. In return Spain would get part of the land conquered. -
Bayona abdications
CharlesIV and Fernando VII were called by Napoleon. Fernando would abdicate the crown on his dad Charles who gave the crown to Napoleon. This ended up with Jose, Napoleon’s brother being named the king of Spain, showing the real weaknesses the Spanish monarchy had. -
Period: to
Independence war
The revolutions started in the south where the french troops didn’t really arrive, civilians organized resistances and guerrillas which really damaged the French Army. The Battle of Bailen made a huge impact, the Spanish win made it imposible to conquered Andalusia. -
1812 Constitution
It was a manifest of the urge to change the country by the legislation of many different reformations.The Nation was defined as the set of all citizens of both hemispheres (Art.1). Proclaim the national sovereignty (Art.3) to the detriment of the king, who is deprived of the legislative function, now attributed to the Cortes, that they would have a single chamber, elected by universal male suffrage. The citizens recognized Ferdinand VII
as constitutional and not absolute king. -
Valençay Treaty
Napoleon was close to defeat so he negotiated his way out the conflict. With this treaty, FernandoVII was allowed to come back to Spain this was the end of the Spanish Indepence War. -
pragmatic sanction
Pragmatic Sanction of 1830 was a Pragmatic Sanction approved by Ferdinand VII of Spain on March 29, 1830, which came to promulgate the Pragmatic of 1789 approved by the Cortes of that year at the request of King Carlos IV and that, for reasons of foreign policy, never entered into force. The Pragmatics of 1789 annulled the Order agreed on May 10, 1713 by Felipe V which, except in very extreme cases, -
Abrantes Manifesto
It is a selection of fragments of the "Abrantes Manifesto" made public on October ,1833 by Carlos Mª Isidro from Abrantes-Portugal. It is a historical document, public, of a political nature, primary source and addressed in the first place to María Cristina and in general to all Spaniards these fragments of the "Abrantes Manifesto", the main idea is the justification for the defense of the dynastic interests of Carlos María Isidro on the throne of Spain. -
Period: to
maria cristina regency
The regency of María Cristina de Borbón constitutes the first period of the minority of Isabel II of Spain, during which her mother María Cristina de Borbón-Dos Sicilias assumed the functions corresponding to the Crown (1833-1840) and had to do against the first Carlist war unleashed by supporters of Carlos María Isidro who did not recognize the Pragmatic Sanction of 1789, by which women could reign and which Ferdinand VII had done public in March 1830. -
Disentailment of Mendizabal
It was brought about by the Carlist War, the need to reduce public debt and the anticlerical climate.Mendizabal re-established the decrees of the triennium on the suppression of mayorazgos, suppressed the religious orders by expropriating their assets and later putting them up for sale in the public auction
As a consequence, the church turns against the state and liberalism. For this reason, they will try to solve the problem by stopping sales and signing the Concordat with the Holy See in 1851 -
Constitution of 1837
The Spanish Constitution of 1837 was promulgated in Spain during the regency of María Cristina de Borbón. It was an initiative of the Progressive Party to approve a consensus constitution with the Moderate Party that would allow the alternation of the two liberal parties without changing the Constitution every time the government changed. It was in force until 1845, when the Moderate Party imposed its own Constitution. -
Period: to
Espartero Regency
Espartero's regency was the last period of the minority of Isabel II of Spain, so called because, after the triumph of the "revolution of 1840" that put an end to the regency of María Cristina de Borbón, mother of the future queen Isabel II, General Baldomero Espartero assumed the regency in her place. It ended in 1843, when a military and civic movement headed by a part of the Progressive Party and the Moderate Party, which included related generals forced Espartero into exile. -
Disentailment of Madoz
The progressive minister Madoz will be the one to start the disentailment process again. In this process, the assets of the Church will be put up for sale, although with compensation, as well as the assets of common municipalities and those belonging to the State.
The main objectives were to solve problems of public finances, the construction of the railway and loyalize the landowners and agrarian bourgeoisie to liberalism. -
Yara’s shout
It was a popular sublevation led by Manuel Cespedes, it started the urge for independence in Cuba. People were fighting for the erradication of slavery and political authonomy. -
THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
This revolution will put an end to the reign of Elizabeth II and establish a democratic regime in Spain. It is produced by a military uprising led by Topete, Prim, Serrano and Dulce on September 19, 1868 in Cádiz. In the Revolutionary Juntas that are constituted in the main cities, the elements of the democratic party have great importance.
This revolution ends with the Battle of Alcolea in 1868. -
Constitution of 1869
It was the first democratic constitution in Spain, its features were: the form of government was the absolute monarchy and was subject to national sovereignty, national sovereignty is proclaimed and universal male suffrage is confirmed, breadth of freedoms and rights and a bicameral system with Congress and Senate. However, it failed due to the lack of support and the weakness of the democratic political forces. -
Arrival of Amadeo I of Savoy to power
Since the reign of Isabel II, Spain had not had a king again, and during the Regency of Serrano, a Cortes was proclaimed to vote for a new king. After the elections, the candidate proposed by Prim, Amadeo I of Savoy, was elected. Three days before his arrival in Spain, his main supporter, Prim, would be assassinated. -
General Pavia's coup
He interrupted the republican government of Emilio Castelar. In January 1874, General Pavia met with Civil Guard forces and dissolved the Constituent Cortes, putting an end to the First Republic. -
Military pronouncement in Sagunto
While Antonio Canovas del Castillo organized the return of the Bourbons to the throne, after the abdication of Isabel II in favor of her son Alfonso, General Martínez Campos provoked a military uprising in Sagunto that proclaimed Alfonso XII king of Spain. -
Spanish Constitution of 1876
The Spanish Constitution of 1876 was promulgated on June 30, 1876 by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and was the basis of the Bourbon Restoration.1 This constitution was based on a constitutional draft developed by a group of 600 notables, former senators and deputies from previous legislatures, appointed by Cánovas del Castillo. From them resulted a commission of 39 of them, chaired by Manuel Alonso Martínez, who would be in charge of the definitive drafting of the text. -
Period: to
presidency of canovas
this stage is known as the Canovas dictatorship, its objective was twofold: to guarantee the consolidation of the recently restored monarchy and to build a strongly centralized political system. -
Period: to
first liberal government of Sagasta
the basic line of the liberal government was a law of 1882, broad suffrage for the breach of its promise, universal suffrage is achieved, it would lead to the crisis and the return to power of the conservative party, freedom of the press, favoring freedom of expression and the educational reform planned by Sagasta -
Pact of El Pardo
The Pact of El Pardo was an informal agreement, which supposedly took place on November 24, 1885, on the eve of the death of the former King Alfonso XII, between Cánovas del Castillo and Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, respective leaders of the two most important parties. of the monarchical Restoration, the Conservative Liberal Party and the Liberal-Fusionist Party, with the purpose of providing stability to the regime -
Period: to
Regency of Maria Cristina of Habsburg
The Regency of María Cristina de Habsburgo is the period of the reign of Alfonso XIII of Spain in which, due to the minority of King Alfonso XIII, the head of State was held by his mother María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena. The regency began in November 1885 when King Alfonso XII died, months before Alfonso XIII was born, and ended in May 1902 when Alfonso XIII turned sixteen and swore the 1876 Constitution, thus beginning his personal reign. -
Nationalist Insurrection
In 1895 the nationalist insurrection took place that gave rise to the last Cuban war, which was divided into two major stages: between 1895 and 1898 the war between the Spanish army and the native independence groups, the Spanish-Cuban war, took place; In 1898 the direct intervention of the United States in the conflict took place, which led to the Spanish-American confrontation. -
Artistic 98’s Generation
As for the artistic generation of '98, they are going to take our culture to new heights. All of his components were concerned about the “problem of Spain”. They criticized the Spanish backwardness with respect to to other countries and chieftaincy. To this generation belong writers such as Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Azorín, Machado, Ramiro de Maeztu..., painters like Benlliure, Zuloaga, Sorolla, Romero de Torres and musicians like Pomegranates or Albéniz. -
Hispano-American War
The Americans took advantage of the blowing up of the battleship Maine3
to give an ultimatum and demand the Spanish renunciation of Cuban sovereignty, a step prior to declaring the war to Spain. American public opinion clamored for war due to a harsh campaign anti-Spanish journalism of the newspapers. The Spanish government, relying on a campaign of patriotism warmonger launched by the press, he launched into a war for which Spain was not prepared. -
Paris Treaty
Spain lost the last milestones of the
overseas empire. Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippines and the island of Guam (in the archipelago of the Marianas) to the USA. Cuba, although formally independent, remained under American control. -
Period: to
Pistolerismo
During this timespan public figures such as politicians were often shot by a hired muerderer by the oposition.The president of the goverment, Eduardon Dato was shot and mudered in 1921. -
Annual disaster
General Fernandez Silvestre made a military mistake which caused terrible consequences. Abd-el-Krim leader of the rifian troops had a efficient performance. This disaster caused lots of deaths and made republicans and socialists attack the dictatorship. -
Period: to
Militar dictory
Miguel Primo de Rivera named himself president and only minister. The regimen was presented as intern with the desire of solving the problems of the country that had been going on since the Restauration. -
Landing of Alhucemas
The landing of Alhucemas was a military operation in coalition with France with the objective of defeating Abd-el-Krim. After several defeats Abd-el-krim surrendered and the occupation of the Morocco´s protectorate was done. -
San Sebastian agreement
Every anti-monarchy political force (republicans,socialists and catalanists) signed the agreement of San Sebastian. The main focus of this agreement was to take out the monarchy and claim the II Republic. -
Constitution 1931
The Spanish Constitution of 1931 was approved on December 9, 1931 by the Constituent Cortes, after the Spanish general elections of 1931 that followed the proclamation of the Second Republic, and was in force until the end of the civil war in 1939 -
II Republic proclamation
The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII, and was dissolved on 1 April 1939 after surrendering in the Spanish Civil War to the Nationalists led by General Francisco Franco. -
Law of religious congregations
The Law of Religious Confessions and Congregations, approved on May 17, 1933 by the Courts of the Second Spanish Republic, prohibited the Church from continuing to teach. The measure aroused the indignation of various conservative actors: politicians, bishops and leaders of Catholic organizations. -
October revolution of 1934
The Revolution of 1934 or revolutionary general strike in Spain in 1934 revolutionary strike movement that occurred between October 5 and 19, 1934 during the second biennium of the Second Spanish Republic. -
Military Uprising in Morocco
The military conspiracy began after the triumph of the popular front,being General Mola the leader of the coup and Franco who lead the rebels. The trigger for the coup was the murder of Calvo Sotelo. -
July 1936 coup
On July 18, 1936, a military uprising against the Second Republic led by Franco, Mola and Queipo de Llano broke out in Spain. The partial failure of the coup leads to the Spanish Civil War. A group of Assault Guards posted behind some dead horses as a barricade -
Battle for Madrid
After the coup that failed in the big cities, Madrid was the main objective of the military advance. The rattle began on November 7,1936 but Madrid resisted thanks to the aarrival of the International Brigades, militants effort and propaganda under the slogan: They shall not pass! -
Unification Decree
It was promulgated by Franco andthrough this a single political party , the traditionalist Spanish phalanx and the JONS was created, in this way Francobecomes control of everything. -
Unification Decree
The Unification Decree was a legal norm promulgated during the Spanish civil war, means of which the Spanish Falange political parties of the National Syndicalist Offensive Boards were merged under his command and the Traditionalist Communion, creating a new single party with the name of the Traditionalist Spanish Falange and the National Syndicalist Offensive Boards -
Bombing of Guernica
On April 26,1937, the Condor Legion bombarded the city of Guernica. It was the first bombing of civilian population. It had great demographic, social and political consequences. -
Period: to
Blue Stage
“Blue” or fascist stage (1939-1943). The dominant political force during the first period was the Falange, which had many similarities to other European fascist parties. On April 19, 1937, Franco had decreed the unification of Falangists and Requetés into a single party, forming FET y de las JONS. -
End of Civil War
The war ends on April 1, 1939 when Franco himself read a manifest that claimed the end of war. As a consequence Negrin left for France, the Republican goverment moved to Mexico. -
Vatican Council II
The Second Vatican Council was the twenty-first ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, whose main object was the relationship between the Church and the modern world. It was summoned by Pope John XXIII, who announced it on January 25, 1959. It was one of the historical events that marked the 20th century. -
Murder of Carrero Blanco
The murder of Carrero Blanco, also known by his code name, was an attack perpetrated by the terrorist organization Euskadi Ta Askatasuna on December 20, 1973 against Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco, President of the Spanish Government during the Franco dictatorship. -
Franco's death
Francisco Franco Bahamonde was a Spanish soldier and dictator, a member of the group of high-ranking military leaders who staged the 1936 coup against the democratic government of the Second Republic, leading to the Spanish Civil War. -
PROCLAMATION OF KING JUAN CARLOS I
On November 22, 1975, upon being proclaimed king by the Cortes, Juan Carlos I gave a speech with words of opening and reconciliation, which made his democratic intention clear. -
RESIGNATION OF ARIAS NAVARRO
The politicization of public life in favor of the legalization of all political parties and unions, the general amnesty, the autonomy of the Basque Country and Catalonia, and personal problems with King Juan Carlos forced the resignation of the president. -
FORMATION OF "PLATAJUNTA"
During the final years of the dictatorship, the left was grouped into 2 platforms: The democratic Board led by Santiago Carrillo. The platform of democratic convergence, directed by Felipe González. In 1976, these two platforms were united in the Democratic Coordination, better known as the "PLATAJUNTA" -
1977 ELECTIONS
On this day it was celebrated the first democratic elections after the franquism. The UCD of Adolfo Suárez earned simple majority, chased by PSOE of Felipe González -
THE 1978 CONSTITUTION
One of the objectives of the Transition government was the elaboration of a constitution. A Committee of 7 members met to write a widely agreed text that was approved on December 6, 1978 by the Cortes and promulgated on December 29, 1978. Creating a rigid, inclusive, democratic and extensive constitution. -
Filesa Case
The Filesa case was a case of corruption consisting of the creation of a network of companies (Filesa, Malesa and Time-Export), whose purpose was the illegal financing of the PSOE, to cover the expenses originated by the electoral campaigns of the year 1989 -
Period: to
PP´s first Legislature
José María Aznar, leader of the PP, won the 1996 elections by a narrow margin, developing a centrist and dialoguing policy to obtain the support of the nationalist minorities (CiU and PNV) and the unions. The government's support came from the old UCD (Mayor Oreja) or from young politicians (Rodrigo Rato), who distanced the PP from the old image of Francoism -
Antiterrorist fight
The fight against terrorism made great progress with the dismantling of terrorist commandos and social mobilization in the Basque Country and in the rest of Spain, especially after the murder in 1997 of the PP councilor in Ermua, Miguel Ángel Blanco, which triggered the so-called spirit of Ermua, PP and PSOE would approach positions, coming to sign the Pact for Freedoms and Against Terrorism at the beginning of the next legislature -
Period: to
Zapatero´s socialists goverment
In 2008, Zapatero's PSOE would win again, but this legislature was determined by the economic crisis, which the government denied over and over again. The economic deterioration led to taking measures that failed to prevent the collapse of the financial system and construction, with unemployment exceeding 5 million people.
In this context, the citizen movement known as 15M or movement of the indignant will emerge and the PP will win overwhelmingly -
Period: to
Covid
Since the end of February 2020 and from China, a coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has spread throughout the world, forcing a state of alarm to be decreed, entailing the virtual paralysis of social and economic life and generating a high mortality rate. in Spain (more than 100,000 deaths to date), which has especially affected the older population.