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Period: to
the 1950's
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G.I. Bill
President Roosevelt signs the G.I. Bill into law on June 22, 1944
The Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944, also known as the G.I. Bill, was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans. The act avoided the highly disputed postponed life insurance policy payout for World War I veterans that caused political turmoil for a decade and a half after that war. Benefits included dedicated payments of tuition and living expenses to attend high school, college. -
Iron Curtain
The Iron Curtain was the political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal off itself and its dependent eastern and central European allies from open contact with the West and other non-communist areas.The restrictions and the rigidity of the Iron Curtain were somewhat reduced in the years following Joseph Stalin’s death in 1953, although the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 restored them. -
Period: to
Cold War
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Marshall plan
The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, channeled over $13 billion to finance the economic recovery of Europe between 1947 and 1951. To add, the plan is named for Secretary of State George C. Marshall, who announced it in a commencement speech at Harvard University on June 5, 1947. It successfully sparked economic recovery, meeting its objective of ‘restoring the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole. -
Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. It was first announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947. Truman told Congress that "it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." The Truman Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War. -
Berlin Airlift
Germany into western-occupied Berlin. This, they believed, would make it impossible for the people who lived there to get food or any other supplies. They tried to drive U.S. out, but instead of retreating from West Berlin, however, the U.S. and its allies decided to supply their sectors of the city from the air. This effort, known as the “Berlin Airlift,” lasted for more than a year and carried more than 2.3 million tons of cargo into West Berlin. -
Fair Deal
Truman announced his plans for domestic policy reforms including national health insurance, public housing, civil rights legislation and federal aid to education. He advocated an increase in the minimum wage, federal assistance to farmers and an extension of Social Security, as well as urging the immediate implementation of anti-discrimination policies in employment. Truman argued for an ambitious liberal agenda based on policies first articulated by his predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt. -
Korean War (Forgotten war)
It all began when the North Korean Communist army crossed the 38th Parallel and invaded non-Communist South Korea. As Kim Il-sung's North Korean army, armed with Soviet tanks, quickly overran South Korea, the United States came to South Korea's aid.General Douglas MacArthur, who had been overseeing the post-WWII occupation of Japan, commanded the US forces which now began to hold off the North Koreans at Pusan. MacArthur crushed the North Korean army in a pincer movement and recaptured Seoul. -
2nd Red Scare
This was a fear-driven phenomenon brought on by the growing power of communist countries in the wake of the Second World War, particularly the Soviet Union. Many in the U.S. feared that the Soviet Union and its allies were planning to forcefully spread communism around the globe, overthrowing both democratic and capitalist institutions as it went. Government officials and citizens alike were afraid of a nuclear war with the Soviets, and the U.S. became nervous. -
Bill Haley and the Comets
Bill Haley is the neglected hero of early rock & roll. Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly are ensconced in the heavens, transformed into veritable constellations in the rock music firmament, their music respected by writers and scholars as well as the record-buying public, virtually every note of music they ever recorded theoretically eligible for release. Many people didn't pay as much attention to him because of the heartthrobs Elvis. -
Television
In 1952 for the first time, television news was able to broadcast the Republican and Democratic conventions live from Philadelphia to the rest of the nation. The importance of that event for rural America went beyond the fact that rural residents knew in real time that Dwight D. Eisenhower and Adlai Stevenson were running for President against each other. This was very important because they would use television as a form to get the message across, especially with the MLK parades. -
Polio Vaccine
Polio, a disease that has affected humanity throughout recorded history, attacks the nervous system and can cause varying degrees of paralysis. Since the virus is easily transmitted, epidemics were commonplace in the first decades of the 20th century. On March 26, 1953, American medical researcher Dr. Jonas Salk announces on a national radio show that he has successfully tested a vaccine against poliomyelitis, the virus that causes the crippling disease of polio. -
Elvis Presley
Born on January 8, 1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, Elvis Presley came from very humble beginnings and grew up to become one of the biggest names in rock 'n' roll. By the mid-1950s, he appeared on the radio, television and the silver screen. Many people would travel to see his performances from around the world. Many young girls loved him because his famous dance moves and good looks. On August 16, 1977, at age 42, he died of heart failure, which was related to his drug addiction. -
Brown V. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. Brown v. Board of Education was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, and helped establish the precedent that “separate-but-equal” education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all. It was all taken the wrong way, not how it should've been. -
Period: to
Civil Rights
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Dr. Jonas Salk
Born in New York City on October 28, 1914, Jonas Salk was one of the leading scientists of the twentieth century and the creator of the first polio vaccine. He grew up poor in New York City, where his father worked in the garment district. In 1947 he became head of the Virus Research Lab at the University of Pittsburgh. At Pittsburgh he began research on polio. On April 12, 1955, the vaccine was released for use in the United States. He established the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. -
Emmett Till Tragedy
Emmett Till was born in 1941 in Chicago. Till was visiting relatives in Money, Mississippi, in 1955 when the fourteen-year-old was accused of whistling at Carolyn Bryant, a white woman who was a cashier at a grocery store. Four days later, Bryant's husband Roy and his half-brother J.W. Milam kidnapped Till, beat him and shot him in the head. The men were tried for murder, but an all-white, male jury acquitted them.Mother held open casket to show people what jim crow did. -
The Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. The divisive war, increasingly unpopular at home, ended with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973 and the unification of Vietnam under Communist control two years later. More than 3 million people, including 58,000 Americans, were killed in the conflict. -
Rosa Parks
On December 1, 1955, after a long day's work at a Montgomery department store, where she worked as a seamstress, Rosa Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus for home. She took a seat in the first of several rows designated for "colored" passengers. The bus driver noticed Whites standing in the aisle. The driver demanded colored people to move, three of the other black passengers on Rosa’s bus complied with the driver, but Rosa refused and remained seated. -
Ike Turner
Musician, songwriter, bandleader and producer Ike Turner was born Ike Wister Turner on November 5, 1931, in Clarksdale, Mississippi. In 1956, he met a teenager and singer named Anna Mae Bullock. He married her and helped create her stage persona, Tina Turner. The two became the Ike & Tina Turner Revue and created several R&B hits. Their last hit together was "Nutbush City Limits," written by Tina and released in 1973. Turner died of a cocaine overdose on December 12, 2007. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil-rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating. Four days before the boycott began, Rosa Parks, was arrested and fined for refusing to yield her bus seat to a white man. The U.S. Supreme Court ultimately ordered Montgomery to integrate its bus system, and one of the leaders of the boycott, a young pastor named Martin Luther King, Jr was the leader of the movement. -
Space Race
The Space Race, after World War II drew to a close in the mid-20th century, a new conflict began. Known as the Cold War, this battle pitted the world’s two great powers, the democratic, capitalist United States and the communist Soviet Union–against each other. Beginning in the late 1950s, space would become another dramatic arena for this competition, as each side sought to prove the superiority of its technology, its military firepower and–by extension–its political-economic system. -
Albert Sabin
Dr. Sabin was born on August 26, 1906, in Bialystok, Poland. The Sabin Vaccine Institute is founded on the legacy and global vision of one of the pre-eminent scientific figures in the history of medicine. Dr. Albert B. Sabin, Best known as the developer of the oral live virus polio vaccine. The oral vaccine was first tested outside the USA from 1957 to 1959. Ultimately, a successful Sabin vaccine was used to eradicate polio throughout the world. -
Little Richard
Born Richard Wayne Penniman on December 5, 1932, in Macon, Georgia, Little Richard helped define the early rock ‘n’ roll era of the 1950s with his driving, flamboyant sound. the musician churned out several more rock hits, including “Long Tall Sally,” “Good Golly Miss Molly” and “Send Me Some Lovin’.” With his blood-pumping piano playing and suggestive lyrics. -
Little Rock 9
The Little Rock Nine were a group of nine black students who enrolled at formerly all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in September 1957. Their attendance at the school was a test of Brown v. Board of Education. First day of classes at Central High, Governor Faubus called in the Arkansas National Guard to block the black students’ entry into the high school. Later that month, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent in federal troops to escort the Little Rock Nine into the school. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
On September 9, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1957. The Act marked the first occasion since Reconstruction that the federal government undertook significant legislative action to protect civil rights. Helped in the Justice Department, and empowered federal officials to prosecute individuals that conspired to deny or abridge another citizen's right to vote. The Civil Rights Act of 1957 signaled a growing federal commitment to the cause of civil rights. -
Period: to
1960's
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Peace corps
The Peace Corps is a volunteer program run by the United States government. The stated mission of the Peace Corps includes providing technical assistance, helping people outside the United States to understand American culture, and helping Americans to understand the cultures of other countries. The work is generally related to social and economic development. From 1961 to 2015, nearly 220,000 Americans have joined the Peace Corps and served in 141 countries -
Jack Ruby
On November 24, 1963, Jack Ruby, a 52-year-old Dallas nightclub operator, stunned America when he shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald. As Oswald was being transferred from the city jail to the county jail, Ruby stepped out of a crowd and gunned down the younger man. The event was witnessed by millions of Americans on live television. Ruby, a Chicago native with a shadowy past, was convicted of murder in 1964. He claimed he had acted out of grief and denied any involvement in a conspiracy. -
Ascendency of Lyndon Johnson
Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th president of the United States he was sworn into office following the November 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy.Johnson launched an ambitious slate of progressive reforms aimed at creating a “Great Society” for all Americans. Despite his impressive achievements, however, Johnson’s legacy was marred by his failure to lead the nation out of the quagmire of the Vietnam War. -
Assassination of JFK
John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States. Sitting in a Lincoln convertible, the Kennedys and Connallys waved at the large and enthusiastic crowds gathered along the parade route. As their vehicle passed the Texas School Book Depository Building at 12:30 p.m., Lee Harvey Oswald allegedly fired three shots from the sixth floor, fatally wounding President Kennedy. Kennedy was pronounced dead 30 minutes later at Dallas’ Parkland Hospital. He was 46. -
Lee Harvey Oswald
Born on October 18, 1939, in New Orleans, Louisiana, Lee Harvey Oswald eventually joined the U.S. Marines and later defected to the Soviet Union for a period of time. Oswald allegedly assassinated President John. F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. Oswald would never see a trial for his alleged crimes. On November 24, 1963, the 24-year-old Oswald, while being taken to the county jail, was shot and killed by Jack Ruby, a club owner with mob affiliations. -
Hippies
In the 1960s, a new group of young, long-haired and wild people began to form in San Francisco, California and soon spread throughout the rest of the country. These people were given the name hippies. Hippies created their own counterculture that revolved around free love, peace, drugs and music. They were the anti-war, outraged by the Vietnam War and protested for peace. A non-violent and turned to drugs and music to rebel and to feel freedom and a new experience. Love and drugs spread. -
LSD
Many Hippies tended to use and expand this, LSD, also known in the 1960s by its slang name, “acid,” became something of a revolutionary, counter-cultural substance in that period. And Leary, after a time as a university researcher exploring the drug’s psychotherapy potential, became a kind of “pied piper” for the drug’s recreational and spiritual use. -
Birmingham March
In the spring of 1963, activists in Birmingham, Alabama launched one of the most influential campaigns of the Civil Rights Movement: Project C, better known as The Birmingham Campaign. It would be the beginning of a series of lunch counter sit-ins, marches on City Hall and boycotts on downtown merchants to protest segregation laws in the city. -
Freedom Summer
Freedom Summer, also known as the the Mississippi Summer Project, was a 1964 voter registration drive sponsored by civil rights organizations including the Congress on Racial Equality. The SNCC also Aimed at increasing black voter registration in Mississippi. The Ku Klux Klan, police and state and local authorities carried out a series of violent attacks against the activists, including arson, beatings, false arrest and the murder of at least three people. -
Barry Goldwater
Born in Phoenix, Arizona, on January 2, 1909, Barry Goldwater ran his family’s department store before embarking on a political career. He served in the senate for 30 years, gaining recognition for his fiscal conservatism. Goldwater lost the 1964 campaign for the presidency to Lyndon B. Johnson. The campaign against Goldwater produced the "Daisy ad," the most famous political advertisements in American history, which presented nuclear war as a clear consequence of voting Republican in 1964. -
Daisy Girl Ad
On September 7, 1964, a 60-second TV ad changed American politics forever. A 3-year-old girl in a simple dress counted as she plucked daisy petals in a sun-dappled field. Her words were supplanted by a mission-control countdown followed by a massive nuclear blast. The message was clear if only implicit, Barry Goldwater was a genocidal maniac who threatened the world’s future. Two months later, President Lyndon Johnson won easily, and the emotional political attack ad couldn't be forgotten. -
Selma March
The Selma to Montgomery march was part of a series of civil-rights protests that occurred in 1965 in Alabama, a Southern state with deeply entrenched racist policies. In March of that year, in an effort to register black voters in the South, protesters marching the 54-mile route from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery were confronted with deadly violence from local authorities and white vigilante groups. The world watched from Tv's and raised awareness. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This was The Voting Rights Act of 1965, signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, it was aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The Voting Rights Act is considered one of the most far-reaching pieces of civil rights legislation in U.S. history. It changed history. -
Nixon's Election
Two years after losing to Kennedy, Nixon ran for governor of California and lost in a bitter campaign against Edmund G.Taking a stance between the more conservative elements of his party led by Ronald Reagan and the liberal Northeastern wing led by Governor Nelson Rockefeller, Nixon won the nomination at the Republican National Convention in Miami Beach. Although Nixon and Humphrey each gained about 43 percent of the popular vote, the distribution of Nixon’s nearly 32 million votes overruled. -
Earl Warren Supreme Court
Earl Warren was a prominent 20th century leader of American politics and law. Elected California governor in 1942, Warren secured major reform legislation during his three terms in office. The landmark case of his tenure was Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, in which the Court unanimously determined the segregation of schools to be unconstitutional. The Warren Court sought equality in criminal justice and the defense of human rights before its chief justice retired in 1969. -
Stagflation
The United States experienced what's known as the "Post-War Boom." Gross annual products in Western nations grew by an average of 5 percent annually, fueling a slow but steady rise in prices over around the same period. The Federal Reserve's monetary policy during the boom years of the late '60s was unsustainable. The result of unnaturally low unemployment in the 1960s was something called a wage-price spiral. The government poured money into the economy to increase demand, making prices rise. -
Period: to
1970's
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Equal Rights Amendment
First proposed by the National Woman’s political party in 1923, the Equal Rights Amendment was to provide for the legal equality of the sexes and prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex. It was under the leadership of U.S. Representative Bella Abzug of New York and feminists Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem, it won the requisite two-thirds vote from the U.S. House of Representatives in October 1971. In March 1972, it was approved by the U.S. Senate and sent to the states. -
Watergate Hotel
Nixon made three major speeches on the Watergate scandal during 1973 and 1974. The first was on April 30, 1973, in which he announced the departure of Dean, Haldeman and Ehrlichman. A more defiant speech was delivered on August 15, 1973. Perhaps the politically most difficult speech was the one on April 29, 1974, in which Nixon released partial transcripts of the White House tapes. The Watergate scandal changed American politics forever, leading many Americans to question their leaders. -
Endangered Species Act
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 was created to protect animals and plants that were in danger of becoming extinct. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which administers the act along with the National Marine Fisheries Service, a species may be listed as either endangered or threatened. Nixon very much supported this organization cause he feels the world wouldn't be the same if there was no animals. -
War powers act
The law’s text frames it as a means of guaranteeing that “the collective judgment of both the Congress and the President will apply” whenever the American armed forces are deployed overseas. To that end, it requires the President to consult with the legislature “in every possible instance” before committing troops to war. Additionally, the law stipulates that Presidents are required to end foreign military actions after 60 days unless Congress provides a declaration of war. -
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
The Arab-dominated Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), announces a decision to cut oil exports to the United States and other nations that provided military aid to Israel in the Yom Kippur War of October 1973. Exports were to be reduced by 5 percent every month until Israel evacuated the territories occupied in the Arab-Israeli war of 1967. In December, a full oil embargo was imposed against the United States and several other countries, prompting a serious energy crisis. -
Warren Burger Supreme Court
In 1969, President Richard Nixon named Warren Burger chief justice of the Supreme Court. He didn't fulfill Nixon's desire to reverse Warren Court decisions. As chief justice, Warren Burger's opinions weren't particularly known for their comprehensive application of legal principles. Instead, Burger focused his efforts on the administrative functions of his office and worked to improve the efficiency of the judicial system. -
Roe V. Wade
Roe, a Texas resident, sought to terminate her pregnancy by abortion. Texas law prohibited abortions except to save the pregnant woman's life. After granting certiorari, the Court heard arguments twice. The Court ruled that a right to privacy under the Due Process of the 14th Amendment, to a woman's decision to have an abortion, but that this right must be balanced against the state's interests in regulating abortions, protecting women's health and protecting the potentiality of human life. -
Heritage Foundation
The Heritage Foundation has been working to advance the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense. Our hard work has paid off time and again. Since we opened our doors more than four decades ago, we have seen substantial gains for the conservative agenda. More than 100 policy experts, Heritage has the talent to be able to solve complex policy issues. -
Panama Canal
The United States acquired the rights to build and operate the Panama Canal during the first years of the 20th century. The Hay-Herrán Treaty, negotiated with the nation of Colombia in 1903, allowed the United States rights to the land surrounding the planned canal. The Colombian Senate refused to ratify the treaty, but Panama was in the process of seceding from Colombia. President Theodore Roosevelt therefore supported the cause of Panamanian independence with the Canal in mind. -
Iran Hostage Crisis
On November 4, 1979, a group of Iranian students stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking more than 60 American hostages. The immediate cause of this action was President Jimmy Carter’s decision to allow Iran’s deposed Shah. It was also a way to raise the intra- and international profile of the revolution’s leader, the anti-American cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The students set their hostages free on January 21, 1981, 444 days after the crisis began. -
Election of 1980
The United States presidential election of 1980 featured a contest between incumbent Democrat Jimmy Carter and his Republican opponent, Ronald Reagan, as well as Republican Congressman John B. Anderson, who ran as an independent. Reagan, aided by the Iran hostage crisis and a worsening economy at home, won the election in a landslide. Carter, after defeating Ted Kennedy for the Democratic nomination. -
Iran Contra Affair
President Ronald Reagan’s pre-occupation with the spread of communism, in particular in the United States’ own backyard of Central America. In 1979, the Sandinista liberation movement in Nicaragua had finally overthrown the dictatorship of President Anastasio Somoza Debayle, whereupon Reagan became increasingly convinced that the presence of an actively left-wing regime in that country would spark revolution throughout the region and threaten the security of the United States. -
Robert Johnson
Born in Hickory, Mississippi in 1946 as the ninth of 10 children. BET first aired in January 1980 and its content primarily consisted of black films from the 1940s and 1950s. Later, with the development of Music Television, music videos became ingrained in the popular media and BET promoted black rhythm and blues and hip hop artists. Although BET thrived in the 1990s by expanding its viewership and product line, Johnson decided to take the company private in 1998. -
Video Head System
This is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the United States in early 1977. Two of the standards, VHS and Betamax, received the most media exposure. VHS eventually won the war, dominating 60 percent of the North American market by 1980, and emerging as the dominant home video format throughout the tape media period. -
Jimmy Carter
James Earl Carter Jr. was born on October 1, 1924 in Plains, Georgia. His father, James Sr., was a hardworking peanut farmer who owned his own small plot of land as well as a warehouse and store. Probably the biggest factor in Carter's declining political fortunes, however, was the Iranian Hostage Crisis. In November 1979, radical Iranian students seized the United States Embassy in Tehran, taking 66 Americans hostage. Carter's failure to negotiate the hostages' release. -
Period: to
1980's
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A.I.D.S Crisis
In July 1981, headline was the first public mention of AIDS, with that name yet to come into use. The reported outbreak was of Kaposi's Sarcoma, a rare cancer developing in men younger than the norm, with some showing unusually weakened immune systems. As is often the case during many developing outbreaks, researchers made the wrong call from incomplete knowledge. "The medical investigators say some indirect evidence actually points away from contagion as a cause". Seemed to affect Homosexuals. -
Space Shuttle Program
NASA's space shuttle fleet began setting records with its first launch on April 12, 1981 and continued to set high marks of achievement and endurance through 30 years of missions. As humanity's first reusable spacecraft, the space shuttle pushed the bounds of discovery ever farther, requiring not only advanced technologies but the tremendous effort of a vast workforce. Till 2011, is when they finally managed to make last changes. -
MTV
In 1981, MTV went on to revolutionize the music industry and become an influential source of pop culture and entertainment in the United States and other parts of the world, including Europe, Asia and Latin America, which all have MTV-branded channels. In MTV’s early days, its programming consisted of basic music videos that were introduced by VJs, and provided for free by record companies. As they became more popular they got more money was founded in. -
Reagan Doctrine
During the early years of the Reagan presidency, Cold War tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States intensified. In his 1985 state of the union address, President Reagan pledged his support for anti-Communist revolutions in what would become known as the "Reagan Doctrine." In Afghanistan, the United States was already providing aid to anti-Soviet freedom fighters, ultimately, helping to force Soviet troops to withdraw. -
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan won the Republican Presidential nomination in 1980 and chose as his running mate former Texas Congressman and United Nations Ambassador George Bush. On January 20, 1981, Reagan took office. Only 69 days later he was shot by a would-be assassin. Foreign policy, Reagan sought to achieve “peace through strength.” During his two terms he increased defense spending 35 percent, but sought to improve relations with the Soviet Union. -
Persian Gulf war
Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion and occupation of neighboring Kuwait in early August 1990. Alarmed by these actions, fellow Arab powers such as Saudi Arabia and Egypt called on the United States and other Western nations to intervene. Hussein defied United Nations Security Council demands to withdraw from Kuwait by mid-January 1991, and the Persian Gulf War began with a massive U.S.-led air offensive known as Operation Desert Storm. -
NAFTA
US in a defensive crouch on competitiveness and a broad political consensus that the US needed to be more aggressive in promoting its commercial interests.US gained international preeminence in the industries emerging as growth drivers and in macroeconomic performance. Forging trade agreements with key regional and bilateral partners and providing leadership on the multilateral trading system, with profound implications for economic and foreign policy. -
Oprah Winfrey
Oprah Winfrey was not the first person to host a talk show on television. But she revolutionized the genre. And with her grand personality, her multi-platform business plan and her relentless messages of positivity and self-improvement, she managed to infiltrate American life from all angles. She really tapped into a deeply American idea of self-transformation and the power of the mind, that if we have the right attitude and positive thinking, we can transform our situation. -
Lionel Sosa
Sosa grew up in San Antonio, Texas. After graduating from Lanier High School, Sosa served in the United States Marine Corps. In 1980 Sosa created a new Agency, Sosa and Associates, which eventually became the largest Hispanic advertising agency in the United States. Sosa's experience with Tower led him to become active in presidential politics, serving as an adviser to the Republican campaigns, including those of Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush. -
Period: to
1990's
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Rodney King Incident
Born in Sacramento, California, on April 2, 1965, Rodney King was caught by the Los Angeles police after a high-speed chase on March 3, 1991. The officers pulled him out of the car and beat him brutally, while amateur cameraman Holliday, caught it all on videotape. However, after a three-month trial, a predominantly white jury acquitted the officers, inflaming citizens and sparking the violent 1992 Los Angeles riots. -
Balkans Crisis
Initially, EC members did not recognize the crisis’ potential for violence. However, previous economic and political achievements and a desire to put in place a Common Foreign and Security Policy and enhance its global reputation encouraged the EC to engage this security challenge. In the end, the EC could only agree to devote diplomatic attention to the problem, mediate, impose an arms embargo, and curtail financial support. -
Election of 1992
The presidential election of 1992 had Republican President George Bush; Democrat, Bill Clinton, and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot. Bush had alienated much of his conservative base by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes,foreign policy, was regarded as much less important following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote, and a wide Electoral College margin. -
World Trade Center Attack
On the morning of February 26, 1993, the plotters loaded their homemade bomb, which weighed about 1,200 pounds, into a yellow Ford Econoline van they had rented from a Ryder office in New Jersey. At 12:17 p.m. the bomb exploded, knocking out the World Trade Center’s sprinklers, generators, elevators, public address system, emergency command center and more than half of the high-voltage lines that fed electricity to the complex. Many people were injured and stuck for hours. -
DOMA
This is a federal law that denies federal recognition of same-sex marriages and authorizes states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages licensed in other states. DOMA was passed out of the fear that a lawsuit in Hawaii would force that state to recognize same-sex marriages.The apparent need for DOMA began after the Hawaii Supreme Court issued a ruling in Baehr v. Lewin,(1993). In this case three same-gender couples filed a lawsuit after being denied marriage licenses. -
Black Entertainment Television (BET)
Johnson quickly recognized the dearth of television programming designed for the African American public and created BET to reach that demographic audience. The channel continued to flourish in the late 1990s with several news programs including Our Voices and Lead Story. BET Awards program that celebrates the achievements of African Americans in music, acting, sports and other fields of entertainment. This program draws by far the highest ratings and the best reviews of the network's offerings. -
Ralph Nader
Born in February 27, 1934, in Winsted, Connecticut. Nader was the youngest of his siblings. Later, in 2000, claiming he could see no difference between Republican candidate George W. Bush and Democratic candidate Al Gore, Nader ran for president as the candidate for the Green Party. The election turned out to be one of the closest in American history between the two major party candidates. -
Election of 2000
The United States presidential election of 2000 was a contest between Republican candidate George W. Bush,and Democratic candidate Al Gore. Bill Clinton, the incumbent President, was vacating the position after serving the maximum two terms allowed by the Twenty-second Amendment. Bush narrowly won the November 7 election, with 271 electoral votes. It was the closest election since 1876 and only the fourth election in which the electoral vote did not reflect the popular vote. -
Al Gore
Al Gore Jr, born March 31, 1948 , the 45th Vice President of the United States under President Bill Clinton, began when he announced his candidacy for the presidency of the United States in Carthage, Tennessee on June 16, 1999. Near the end of Clinton's second term, Gore was selected as the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election but lost the election in a very close race after a Florida recount. After his term as vice-president ended in 2001. -
George W. Bush
Born in July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut, George W. Bush was the 43rd president of the United States. He narrowly won the Electoral College vote in 2000, in one of the closest and most controversial elections in American history. Bush led the United States' response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks and initiated the Iraq War. Actually today some said its to be believed he organized the attacks. Also, before his presidency, Bush was a businessman and served as governor of Texas. -
Period: to
Contemporary
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9/11 Attacks
There was four different plane crashing, but the most devastating of them all causing many deaths was the crashing and falling of the twin towers by two planes. On September 11, 2001, 19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group, hijacked four airplanes and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. The third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. The people fought backed. -
Patriot Act
The Patriot Act allows investigators to use the tools that were already available to investigate organized crime and drug trafficking. Many of the tools the Act provides to law enforcement to fight terrorism have been used for decades to fight organized crime and drug dealers, and have been reviewed and approved by the courts. As Sen. Joe Biden explained during the floor debate about the Act, "the FBI could get a wiretap to investigate the mafia ect.." This is so our conutry can be safer. -
Hurricane Katrina Disaster
The tropical depression that became Hurricane Katrina formed over the Bahamas on August 23, 2005. Meteorologists all over were able to give some warning to the people along the Gulf. By August 28, evacuations were underway across the region. That day, the National Weather Service predicted that after the storm hit, “most of the Gulf Coast area will be uninhabitable for weeks…perhaps longer.” They were right. All over cities in Texas there were flooded houses and streets for weeks. -
Election of 2008
The 56th quadrennial United States presidential election was held on November 4, 2008. This was a battle between Obama and McCain. Democrat Barack Obama, then junior United States Senator from Illinois, defeated Republican John McCain. Nine states changed allegiance from the 2004 election. Each had voted for the Republican nominee in 2004 and contributed to Obama's sizable Electoral College victory. -
Barack Obama
Barack was born six months after his parents married, which was in August 4, 1961. He excelled in basketball and graduated with academic honors in 1979. As one of only three black students at the school, Obama became conscious of racism and what it meant to be African-American. On November 4, 2008, Barack Obama defeated Republican presidential nominee John McCain. He ran for presidency for two terms and won the re-election in 2012. He made many changes and was loved by citizens. -
Sonya Sotomayor
June 25, 1954, in the Bronx, N.Y. Sonia Sotomayor made history on August 6, 2009. She became the FIRST HISPANIC SCOTUS judge. President Barack Obama announced his nomination of Sotomayor for Supreme Court justice. The nomination was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in August 2009 by a vote of 68 to 31. Also, she was one of the six justices to uphold a critical component of the 2010 Affordable Care Act—often referred to as Obamacare.
