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Tammany Hall was a notorious political machine. Tammany Hall was corrupt and was lead by William "Boss" Tweed. Tammany Hall would provide services to immigrants and poor people in cities, and in return, they expected votes so that they could stay in power.
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Seneca falls was the first women's rights convention organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. Stanton also issues the Declaration of Sentiments at Seneca Falls, a document that declared women and men to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women.
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The time period of an increase in wealth caused by the industrial age. Industrial success, however, hid the problems of society at the time such as high poverty rates, high crime rates, and corruption in the government.
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Labor movements started to form as a result of the social and economic impact of the industrial revolution. The main reason for forming labor unions was to protect the common interest of workers. Labor unions often fought for better wages, safer working conditions, and more reasonable hours. There are still labor unions in America today.
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Also called the Patrons of Husbandry, the Grange was a powerful political force among western farmers founded by Oliver Hudson Kelley. The Grange movement tried to put pressure on the state governments to establish fair railroad rates and warehouse charges. This organization did not last long, it demonstrated the effect that monopolies have on society.
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Vanderbilt was a famous railroad builder who built a railway from Chicago to New York and popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical. He also was involved in the Erie railroad war of 1868.
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The first effort to create a national union. The knights wanted 8-hour works days, and they also wanted to end child labor and convict labor. They had a vision of a society in which workers would own the industries in which they labored. They didn't like capitalism. Eventually, this union failed and started to decline after the Haymarket Square incident, and were replaced by the American Federation of Labor as the biggest labor union.
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A western Native American spiritual movement caused by a series of visions by an elder Wodziwob telling the natives that there would be a return of the dead and that the native lands and way of life would soon be restored. This movement eventually led to the Dawes Act.
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The Pacific Railroad Act tasked the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroad companies with building a transcontinental railroad in 1862. In 1869 the railroad was finished and was a way for direct transportation from the east coast to the west coast. This train made traveling for people faster, safer, and easier. It also made transporting goods easier.
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This was an idea based on natural selection popular in America in the 1870s. People used this idea to justify things like imperialism, racism, and social inequality. These theories and ideas eventually died out after world war II becuase of their association with Nazi programs.
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This strike occurred during the economic depression of 1877 and was a bad outbreak of labor violence. The strike started in West Virginia as a response to the B&O Railroad cutting wages for the third time in a year. The strikers didn't let trains leave until the wage cut was revoked. The strike ended when the government intervened, and overall it was unsuccessful.
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A case in which the court decided that states could regulate private properties if they affected public interest. This case came to be by the Illinois legislature responding to pressure from the National Grange by setting maximum rates that private properties could charge for the storage and transportation of agricultural products. This case was considered a win for the National Grange because it upheld the maximum prices that they fought for.
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The solid south period existed strongly between 1877 and 1964. This was the term to describe the politically united southern states, who supported the Democratic party.
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The Salvation Army was first founded by William and Catherine Booth in London. Originally it was called the Christian mission. They helped people in poor neighborhoods and provided service to the needy. In 1878 the name was changed to the Salvation Army and the first American branch was established in Pennsylvania. They helped a lot of people during the great depression, and are still an important charity organization to this day.
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Booker T. Washington was born into slavery and went on to be one of the leading African American intellectuals and speakers of his time. He founded Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, a school to train African American teachers. This was important because Tuskegee university was the first institution for higher education for African Americans.
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Tuskegee institute was founded by Booker T. Washington under a charter from the Alabama legislature. The purpose of this school was to educate African Americans and teach them how to support themselves and prosper. This was an important university and one of the first sources of higher education for African Americans.
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A federal law passed by president Chester A. Arthur that prohibited the immigration of all Chinese Laborers and declared Chinese immigrants ineligible for naturalization. This was the first significant law restricting immigration to the U.S.
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made up of five cases that revolved around the 1875 Civil Rights Act. The cases resulted in the court ruling that the Civil Rights Act was unconstitutional, which paved the way for Jim Crow laws. This had a very negative effect on the rights of African Americans.
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An effort to establish a system for selecting government employees based on merit and reduce reliance on the patronage or spoils system. Significant in eliminating political patronage in government jobs.
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This was a civil service reform act that stated federal jobs should be awarded on a merit system; getting a federal job based on a series of competitive exams instead of getting jobs through favors. This also made it unlawful to fire or demote federal employees for political reasons.
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This was a supreme court decision that ruled that states could not regulate interstate commerce. This reversed the precedent previously set by Munn v. Illinois. This case led to further legislation to regulate interstate trades and railroads in general.
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People were protesting in Haymarket Square, Chicago. Police showed up and someone threw a bomb at them. In response, the police fired their guns at the crowd. There were a few deaths and many injuries. This event led to the spread of xenophobia throughout the country since most of the people at the protests were immigrants.
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A national federation of labor unions founded by an alliance of craft unions that were not satisfied with the Knights of Labor and wanted to drive them from the industrial field. The AFL is very significant because it marked the beginning of a large-scale labor movement in the U.S.
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An act that distributed land to Native Americans with the intention of "creating" responsible farmers in white man's image. As a result of this act, a lot of natives were stripped of their land and it was then sold to non-natives.
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The original intention of this act was to regulate the railroad industry. It established the Interstate Commerce Commission which monitored the operation of carriers transporting goods and people and intended to regulate railroads. Overall this act failed because if a railroad only operated in one state, the act didn't have any authority over it.
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Book written by Andrew Carnegie about how the upper class had a responsibility to be philanthropists and help others with their money. This inspired many people and diverted people away from the idea of Social Darwinism.
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One of the first social settlements in North America by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. The settlement was meant to provide social and educational opportunities to working class people. Hull House provided a lot of services to the poor, many of which were immagrants, and also helped immagrants to learn about American life and Culture
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Andrew Carnegie was one of the most important philanthropists of his era and he led the expansion of the American Steel Industry. Carnegie's steel company had many innovations that allowed them to manufacture much more efficiently than other companies. The vertical integration achieved was a milestone in American manufacturing.
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This act outlaws "every contract, combination, or conspiracy in restraint of trade," and any "monopolization, attempted monopolization, or conspiracy or combination to monopolize." This was enacted mainly to reduce economic competition.
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The populist party; also called the people's party, was founded around the idea of farmers wanting a political party that represented their interests. The rise of the Knights of Labor union also helped support the rise of the populist party on a national level. In the end, however, this party started to fall when the economic conditions of farmers started to improve.
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Ellis Island was America's largest and most active immigrant station. At the time of the island's opening, there was a change in the kinds of immagrants coming to America. Fewer arrivals were coming from northern and western Europe, and more were coming in from southern and eastern Europe.
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A strike in Homestead, Pennsylvania; the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers against the Carnegie Steel Company. Andrew Carnegie was determined to break the union so his plant manager, Henry Clay Frick stepped up production demands, and when the workers union refused to accept the conditions he locked them out of the plant. Frick sent around 300 Pinkerton guards to face the 10,000 armed strikers and the Pinkertons surrendered. Few were killed and many injured from both sides.
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A strike involving the American Railway Union against the Pullman company. This strike started because George Pullman decreased wages, increased working hours, and cut jobs. Violence broke out when president Cleveland sent troops over to deal with the protesters. This strike was significant because it demonstrated the power of the labor movement.
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Bryan's overall idea of this speech was that silver coins should be free. He ended up being nominated as a presidential candidate in 1896 but lost to William McKinley. Even though this speech was successful in sparking emotion in people, the idea of free coinage would lead to inflation.
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The Laissez-faire economic theory was most prominent in the U.S around the 1900s. This is the idea that the government shouldn't regulate or interfere with commerce. Basically, the main idea was that the less involved the government was, the better off businesses and society would be. Laissez faire is a French term that translates to "let you do".
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Since society was starting to depend more on specialized skills and scientific knowledge, there was a higher need for education. In the 1860s there were only about 100 public high schools in America but by the 1900s there were about 6,000. Rural areas were behind urban areas in the advancement and funding of public schools.
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A movement that was popular in the nineteenth century that urged people to stop drinking alcohol. This had a big influence on American society and politics and ultimately led to people demanding that local, state, and national governments should prohibit alcohol.
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Debs was the leader of the American Railway Union and later became one of the founders of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). However, Debs withdrew his support later on as the group became more radical.
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The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is one of the oldest and largest civil rights associations in America. It was formed by black and white activists in response to violence against African Americans. Ida B. Wells helped co-found the NAACP. She was a journalist and civil rights leader. She was an advocate for civil rights and she was also an advocate against lynching.
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Mark Twain was a very famous American author, entrepreneur, publisher, lecturer, and humorist. Some of his most favorite novels are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain and his work are very significant because his work dealt with current American issues of the time such as racism, class barriers, education issues, and more. He was born in 1885 and died in 1910.
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He was a newspaper publisher and also became a leading figure in the Democratic party. He helped modern-day newspaper patterns and is considered one of the most powerful editors of his time. He was born in 1847 and died in 1911.
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This fire was one of the deadliest industrial disasters in American history. The materials in the factory were highly flammable but there were no regulations or anything to enforce fire safety. Workers in this factory could not escape because exits were blocked. Although this fire was tragic it ultimately led to workplace safety laws.
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Morgan was known for reorganizing businesses to make them more profitable and gain control of them. Thanks to him, JP Morgan and Company became one of the most powerful banking houses. He also bought out Carnegie, and with his holdings launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion-dollar corporation. He was born in 1837 and died in 1913
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The second industrial revolution occurred around 1870 to 1914. It was also considered a "technological revolution", and involved the development of chemical, electrical, steel, and oil industries. Everybody was getting their products from factories and Americans were quickly shifting from rural life to factory life. People's lives generally improved, but the factories also increased pollution, and many people had to work in hard and sometimes harmful conditions.
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John Muir was a Scottish-born American naturalist. He strongly advocated for U.S service conservation and was partly responsible for the establishment of Sequoia national park and Yosemite national park. He is partially credited for the American national park system and educated people about the importance of the wilderness. He was born in 1838 and died in 1915
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Rockefeller was an industrialist, philanthropist, and founder of the Standard Oil Company. This company dominated the oil industry and was the "first great U.S business trust." Later in his life, he also turned his life to charity. He is considered by many to be the wealthiest American of all time. He was born in 1839 and died in 1937.
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Hearst was an American newspaper publisher who built up the nation's largest newspaper chain. He was also a politician and won two terms in the House of Representatives. He challenged Joseph Pulitzer by buying the New York Journal, and earned attention from his "yellow journalism". He was born in 1863 and died in 1951.
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The U.S wanted Hawaii as a state because of its valuable agriculture (sugarcane), and they also wanted to keep European powers out. The revolution was when a group of businessmen and U.S soldiers overthrew the queen of Hawaii. It then became an independent republic which left it open to being taken over by America.
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DuBois was a very influential African American rights activist. He also co-founded the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). He was born in 1868 and died in 1963.
