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The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by the French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson. in 1913 they [Fabry and Buisson] were the first to demonstrate that the ultraviolet absorption in the Earth's upper atmosphere was due to ozone
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Chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, were discovered in 1928 by Thomas Midgley, an American engineer looking for a non-toxic refrigerant. After being used originally as a replacement for things such as ammonia and sulfur dioxide in refrigerators, CFCs were discovered to be useful as a propellant in aerosol cans.
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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a group of odorless manufactured chemicals. Because they damage the earth's ozone layer, CFCs have been banned since 1996. Before CFCs were banned, they were used in aerosols, refrigerators, air conditioners, foam food packaging, and fire extinguishers.
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“In 1977, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
sets up a co-ordinating committee to study the ozone layer.” -
“In 1978, the United States of America, Canada,
Sweden and Norway ban the use of CFCs in aerosols.” -
“In 1981, UNEP starts inter-governmental negotiations
to protect the ozone layer.” -
“After 1982, in the absence of other moves,
the consumption of CFCs increases again. Industry demands
proof of ozone depletion due to CFCs.” -
“Governments agree to study, exchange information and
protect the ozone layer - through the Vienna Convention for the
Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985). Scientists continue to find
proof of ozone depletion.” -
1985, extreme depletion of ozone over Antarctica was discovered—the so-called Antarctic ozone hole. It soon became clear that this drop in ozone was caused by man-made chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). To help solve the global depletion of ozone, the international community regulated CFC production and consumption by adopting the Montreal Protocol in 1987
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The Montreal Protocol, finalized in 1987, is a global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
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“In 1988, the UNEP - WMO report on ozone
trends links CFCs to ozone depletion.” -
“In 1989, the UNEP Assessment Panel of experts reports
THE NEED for tougher controls.” -
“Parties agree to completely phase out CFCs by the year 2000,
and to establish a Multilateral Fund to assist developing countries. US$ 240 million was allocated for 1991 - 1993.” -
“UNEP Assessment Panels recommend that more substances
(HCFCs, methyl bromide) are controlled and that the phase out
of CFCs is advanced.” -
“In 1992, it was decided that the developed countries phase out
HCFCs by 2030, freeze methyl bromide by 1995 and that the
phase out of CFCs be brought forward to 1996.” -
“In 1992, it was decided that the developed countries phase out
HCFCs by 2030, freeze methyl bromide by 1995 and that the
phase out of CFCs be brought forward to 1996.” -
“In 1993, the Meeting of the Parties, held in Bangkok, agrees to a
replenishment of the Multilateral Fund - US$455 million for 1994 - 1996.” -
“In 1993, the Meeting of the Parties, held in Bangkok, agrees to a
replenishment of the Multilateral Fund - US$455 million for 1994 - 1996.” -
“Halons are phased out by industrialized countries. UNEP Assessment Panels recommend tougher controls on methyl bromide.”
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“Some countries, the Russian Federation and others, report an
inability to phase out CFCs by 1996 due to their internal problems.
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) offers to help them.
Developing countries agree to phase out methyl bromide by 2010.” -
“The Meeting of the Parties held in Costa Rica approves the
replenishment of the Multilateral Fund and gives US$466 million
for 1997 - 1999.” -
“Industrialized countries agree to phase out methyl bromide by
2005. Developing countries will phase out the same by 2015.”IN -
The Ozone meetings in Beijing in December 1999 approved a
replenishment of the Multilateral Fund of US$ 440 million for the years 2000-2002 for continuing the phase-out of CFCs, in addition to the carry-over of US$ 35.7 million from the previous period.
