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The kurgans spoke Indo-European. They were divided into three groups.
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As they were travelling around Europe, they had different dialects. The Celts settled in Turkey spoke Gelatian.
Those in Spain Celtiberian.
Those in France, Italy and northern Europe spoke Gauslish.
Those who went to southern England spoke Brythonic. -
They remained for four hundred years, and almost all of what is now England came under their control. They introduced a new way of life and a new language
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They invaded the Romans land. They were divided into three groups:
+ THE JUTES
+ THE ANGLES
+ THE SAXONS -
The Germanic invaded Celts' lands, so the Celts called them The Anglo-Saxons.
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The Anglo-Saxons kept their own language.
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They came form Rome to teach the Anglo-Saxons about CRISTIANITY. They were received by King Aethlbert of Kent and Queen Bertha. The monks built churches and taught poetry.
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The vocabulary old English was almost completely Germanic.
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Some days of the week come from the names of Anglo-Saxons gods and goddesses.
Tuesday=TIW
Wednesday=WODEN
Thursday=Thunor
Friday=FRIG -
BEOWULF, It tells the story of a brave man from Scandinavia called Beowulf. He fights and kills a terrible animal called Grendel.
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They came in many small groups from Denmark and Norway and stole gold and silver from towns and churches on the north coast.
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They destroyed two important Christian centers of learning in the north-east from England.
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A war began between them and Anglo-Saxon. King Alfred lidered it, then after 899 after he won and important battle and they made an agreement, consisted in separate England in two parts.
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King Alfred decided to make English, not Latin, the language of education and literature. He also started a history of England in English The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. It was written by monks and described what happened in the pasr in England.
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Many words from French came into the language. At the same time the language changed grammatically, mainly by becoming simplier.
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- Verbs changed into past: -ED.
- Other tenses were developed; used to, have, shall and will.
- The offial papers were written in Latin of French.
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Geoffrey Chaucer was a poet and an important government official. His best known work is The Canterbury Tales. It was about ordinary people travelling and telling each other strories.
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William Caxton brought it to london in 1476.
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Latin was the language of learning and it was seen as richer as English.
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The age of the Queen Elizabeth the first was one of the greatest flowering of literature. William Shakespeare expressed his understanding of human nature in extraordinarily rich language in his plays and poems. He had the largest vocabulary of any English writer and made about two thousand new words.
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Elizabeth I died and her cousin King James VI, he ordered the translation of the bible. it was made by fifty-four translators who worked together in small groups
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- Pronouns changed
- Changes in pronunciation
- Sounds in some other words disappeared. e.g. the /k/ at KNEE
