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Japan after the end of their civil war looked to expand their empire. They tried to invade Korea twice but were unsuccessful. The Korean Navy won all but one sea battle, which kept Japan from sending in reinforcements or supplies.
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Rural Irishmen were upset with the encroachment of British rule on their island. The Irish didn't have any desire to bend the knee to the crown or convert from Catholicism to Protestantism. Even with French intervention the Irish still couldn't defend their homeland.
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Once beavers were discovered in North America it led to a long period of war between Natives and the French. Around the Great Lakes region and what is now modern day Canada many battles were fought between French and the Iroquois. Both people wanted the trading rights to sell Beaver pelts to colonists.
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This war popped in the Netherlands when the French were trying to lay claim to their newly seized territory from Spain. During the conflict their ally Britain had one of the heirs marry another heir in the Netherlands. This created a long lasting feud between Britain and France.
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The conflict arose between the French and the British about who had claim to the Ohio River Valley and its resources. Battles were waged from both sides but the French enlisted the help from Natives in the area. The French ended up losing their land claims but the Natives suffered the most from disease.
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The Ottoman empire during this time was becoming very weak. Russia took this as an opportunity to start laying claim to areas around the Black Sea. It took many European powers to help bring a ceasefire to the conflict in fear of Russia taking control of everything the Ottomans had.
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Similar to the rebellions the Irish had in the past the people of this conflict wanted independence from the Crown. Irish were viewed as second class citizens and wanted fair treatment. Ireland joined the United Kingdom and also helped put an end to Catholic discrimination by passing the Acts of Union.
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Great Britain was at war with Napoleon during this time and was passing laws that affected Americans in a negative way. The US attacked the British war broke out and plenty of people died, homes destroyed, and cities burned. After the ceasefire America had an "Era of good feelings" due to them finally being recognized a force to be taken seriously.
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This conflict arose after allied powers in Europe feared more Russian intervention in the area around the Black Sea. This war was considered by many historians to be the first time "Modern Warfare" was introduced. It changed the whole mindset on tactician and technology.
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Napoleon III had some debt that needed to be repaid by Mexico so he invaded their land. The Mexican people stopped his first invasion but couldn't stop the second. Once the threat of American intervention came into the equation Napoleon's plan was doomed.
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The colonists of Natal were looking for any reason to invade other African nations due to the discovery of precious metals in the region. Once the opportunity arose they did just that and actually got beat by people with spears and sling shots. Once the Crown found out about the casualties they sent in fresh soldiers and destroyed the Zulu Nation.
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Japan during this point wanted some border expansion and the Russians wanted a rail road that could help them trade easier. Japan and Russia couldn't agree about land claims in Korea so war broke out. Japan crushed Russia at sea and at land. In turn this conflict made Russians look weak to Europeans. Which in turn helped justify attacks on their nation in the wars that followed.