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During the Umayyad Caliphate ,Al-Andalus was a dependent emirate of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus and an emir governed it. -
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Abd al-Rahman I, escaping death at the hands of the Abbasids,fled to the Iberian Peninsula.He seized power and refused to recognise the political authority of the Caliph, and was an independent emirate of the Islamic Empire. -
Abd al-Rahman III proclaimed himself Caliph of the Caliphate of Córdoba.In addition to political power, he also held thre highest religious authority.The golden age of Al-Andalus developed. -
After its desintegration,the caliphate divided and became Taifa kingdoms which former governors of the territories ruled.They have to pay parias to the Christian kingdom to stop them invading.Despite this agreements,Alfonso VI captured Toledo from the Musluims in 1085.
Almoravids came to the Iberian Peninsula in 1086 and helped stop the southwar advance.
In 12th Almohads defeated almoravids.They came to Iberian Peninsula in 1146 and dominated Al-Andalus -
Eventually the Christian advance limited the Muslim territory on the Iberian Peninsula to the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada.The next two centuries it paid parias to Castilla to avoid military confrontation. -
Was eventually conquered by the Catholic Monarchs in 1492.