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The Hundred Years' War begins between England and France.
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From here on out France is divided because of the conflicts between the dukes of Orleans and Burgundy.
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Joan of Arc was born somewhere in the year 1412. Daughter of a farmer. Born in Domremy, a small village in northern France. Not taught to read and write. Very involved with the Catholic Church. Her father was Jaques d'Arch, and her mother's name was Isabelle.
As a child she was called Jeannette. She was known in the village to be polite, well behaved, and popular. She was even more enthusiastic about attending church than her peers, and would escape the farm whenever she could just to go. -
And plans to attack France.
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Martin V is elected pope and ends the Great Schism which has divided the Catholic Church.
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And makes it one of Europe's most powerful states.
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Brings a brief peace, making Henry V heir to the French king, Charles VI.
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When Henry V marries Catherine, Charles' VI daughter.
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King Henry VI (England) is a baby, so John, the duke of Bedford is appointed to rule both France and England.
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Domremy is attacked by a group of English and Burgundian raiders. Joan and her family remain unharmed.
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Not too long after the raid on Domremy, Joan begins to hear voices. They were the voices of Saints Catherine, Margaret, and Michael. In the beginning, they are telling her to be a diligent worshiper and to pray more often. As time goes on, they tell her to go lead the French army and defeat the England and Burgundy.
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A 16 year old Joan visits Robert de Baudicourt to ask if he will help her in meeting Charles. She needs Charles' permission and advice before she can act on her plans of leading an army. Robert thinks that her idea is ridiculous and turns her away.
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Joan hears that Charles will be at the castle of Chinon, very close to Domremy, and decides that she must go there. Robert de Baudicourt agrees to send some of his knights to make the journey with her.
*Charles is the Dauphin of France -
Everyone in the court is suspicious of Joan, so they set up a trick for her. In the castle there was a man dressed up as Charles, and then there was the real Charles. Joan walked right past the fake man, and headed straight for Charles. She had never seen Charles before.
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Charles thought that Joan's "powers" might be the work of the devil. He sends her to Poitiers (a town), and she is questioned further. She likely passed the test.
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Joan returns to the castle of Chinon, and Charles approves her and she is sent to prepare for battle.
There had been a prophecy that a maiden would come to save France. Was Joan's situation just a coincidence, or something more? -
Joan recived her suit of armor.
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With 4,00 men, Joan departs on her march to Orleans. She was respected by the men because she did not act helpless. She never asked for any special treatment.
Alongside her rode Jean d'Aulon, her two brothers Pierre and Jean, two pages, and two heralds.
Heralds served as messengers. -
This would be the final stage of their march to Orleans.
At teh time, Orleans had a population of 30,000 people. It was considered a large city for its time. Orleans was surrounded by a stone wall, many towers, and 21 cannons. -
Joan enters Orleans via the Burgundy Gate.
Joan's presence inspired the people of Orleans and gave them charisma to fight the English, who were starving them out by surrounding their stone wall so no one could exit. -
Joan's first victory at St. Loup.
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Joan and her men attacked the English who were surrounding Orleans.
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The French take both sides of the river and the English walk away. Joan orders her men not to further attack them because it was Sunday.
Joan did not like to see all of the violence going on around her. But she knew it was a necessary evil if she wanted to free France from England and allow Charles to be the king of France. -
The French Attack Jargeau, Meung-sur-Loire, Beaugency, and Patay. In Patay, more than 2,000 men from the English army died, but only 3 men from France.
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Charles is crowned king of France in the cathedreal at Rheims.
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Two days later, Charles calls off the attack.
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French beleige La Charite, but the seige is abandoned by Christmas.
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Joan hears voices that tell her she will be taken as a prisoner by the summer of 1430.
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Joan and some of her men traveled to Compiegne to attack the Burgundians. She was outnumbered and tried to retreat, but the English blocked off her path, trapping her.
She was taken by the Burgundian captain Jean de Luxembourg. She was sent to Beaulieu and was imprisoned in a cell. -
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English leaders paid John of Luxembourg to give them Joan. They took Joan into their custody, wanting to convict her of a religious crime. If she was found guilty, she would be killed and the English would have gotten rid of their biggest enemy.
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Joan's trial begins.
Her charges: her beliefs contradicted those of the church (she was a heretic; she practiced witchcraft; she was guilty of idolatry; wore men's clothes.
Idolatry was used because she heard voices that her enemies tried to say were voices of false gods. -
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Joan signed a confession saying that the voices were not from God. She immediately took it back once she realized she had been tricked.
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Joan is handed back to the English as a guilty woman. She was burned at the stake in a marketplace at Rouen. She was forced to wear women's clothing. She requested to have a cross held in front of her, so a crucifix was placed before her. The last thing she saw was Jesus on the cross.
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The church starts an official investigation of Joan's trial and death.
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Guillaume d'Estouteville, cousin of Charles VII is in charge of Joan's retrial.
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It is determined that Joan was wrongly executed.
Statues of her were made and put up around France. She was seen as a national hero. -
Friedrich Schiller, a German writer, features Joan as a main character in his play "The Maid of Orleans".
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Guiseppe Verdi, an Italian composer, composes Giovanna d'Arco, an opera about Joan.
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"The Passion of Joan of Arc", the first feature film about Joan, is released in France.
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The film featured Ingrid Bergman as Joan.