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The Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
Established the constitutional basis for the educational rights of language minority students. -
Mo Hock Ke Lok Po v. Stainback
Gave parents the right to have their children taught in a foreign language. -
Plessy, Brown v. Board of Education
"Focused on the segregation of African American students. But by ruling that states are responsible for providing "equal educational opportunities" for all students, Brown made bilingual education for ELLs more feasible." -
Bilingual Education Act
First piece of United States federal legislation that recognized the needs of Limited English Speaking Ability (LESA) students. Funded school districts by grants and established education programs for ELL's "Title VII has been amended several times since its establishment, and it was reauthorized in 1994 as part of the Improving America’s Schools Act. The basic goal has remained the same: access to bilingual programs for children of limited means." -
Lau v. Nichols
Civil rights case that was brought by limited english proficiency Chinese American students living in San Francisco, California claimed that they were not receiving special help in school due to their inability to speak English; the U.S. Supreme Court in 1974 ruled in favor of the students, expanding rights of all students nationwide with limited English proficiency. The Supreme Court stated that students should be treated with equality among the schools. -
Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 (EEOA)
"This act declares: "No state shall deny educational opportunities to an individual on account of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin..." Upheld in Lau vs. Nichols -
Castaneda vs. Pickard
Case against RISD Tx. Distrcit by a father of two Mexican- American children claimed that his children were being discrimnated agaisnt; the case was tried on August 17, 1978, judge ruled in favor of RISD but in 1981 stablishing three criteria for a program that serves LEPS.
It must be based on “a sound educational theory.”
It must be “implemented effectively,” with adequate resources and personnel.
After a trial perid, it must be evaluated as effective in overcoming lan. handicaps. -
UNITED STATES V. TEXAS
This case required that the State Educational Agencies set guidelines in regards to services provided to limited-English- proficient students and ensure that those guideliness are monitored and enforced. -
Plyer vs. Doe 1982
This Supreme Court decision determined under the fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, that all children regarless of immigration status have the right of free public education in whichever district they live. -
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)
The NCLB act was proposed by President Bush and it replaced the Bilingual Education Act (1968-2001). Bilingual Education Act, has become Title III (officially called the English Language Acquisition, Language Enhancement, and Academic Achievement Act)
