-
Robert Hooke coined term "cells" and Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed first microorganism because of invention of microscope.
-
Gregor Mendel, Austrian monk working with pea plants discovered simple laws of inheritance of traits that allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain traits.
-
Louis Pasteur described the scienctific fermentation processes, whine making and beer brewing establisehd the science of microbiology, and proposed Germ Theory, claiming that microganisms were responsible for infectious diseases.
-
Johann Miesch found nucleic acid in white blood cells fro pus in bandages. This later led sscientists to believe that DNA might be the inheritable material of an organism.
-
Studying Fruit flies, Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that genes were chromosomes.
-
Sir Alexander Fleming isolated penicillin from a fungus. Many of his ideas are used to develop biotechnology drugs today
-
Fred Griffith, using mice, proved that genetic materials could be moved from one strain of bacteria to another.
-
Chargaff showed that in DNA the muber of units of adenine equaled those of thymine and the number of units of cytosine equaled those of quanine.
-
Beadle and Tatum proposed the "One gene produces one enzyme" hypothesis. 1944 Avery, McCarty, and McLeod established that indeed DNA was the heredity material that was transferred.
-
Hayes discovered plasmid DNA, circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria
-
using their famous "blender experiment" Hershey and chase proved viruses replicated using DNA and confirmed the role of DNA as the hereditary material.
-
Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA
-
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins established through X-ray crystallography that DNA was indeed a double helix.
-
Walter Gilbert discovered the mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA
-
Arber, Nathans, and Smith discovered bacterial restricion enyzmes that cut dna
-
Khorana and Nirenberg discovered the 64 codons that code for the 20 amino acids making up proteins
-
DNA plasmids were isoltaed and purified by Vinogard
-
Madel and Higa were responsible for the first transformation of the bacterium Escherichia coli
-
Cloning experiments were conducted by Boyer and Cohen
-
Genentech, the world's first genetic engineering company, was founded
-
140 scientists met to draw up guidelines for work with the recombinant DNA in microorganisms. Paul Berg was a key organizer
-
Sanger and Gilbert found a way to sequence DNA. Given and unknown piece of DNA, they were able to read the correct order of bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine
-
Bostein found that one could be identified by the pattern made of ones DNA through a digest by different enzymes. This DNA fingerprint was called a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
-
Boyer inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E. coli
-
Louise Joy Brown was born, the first human baby resulting from in vitro fertilization, in which sper and egg are joined in a petri dish. The fertilizied egg is later implanted in a womb
-
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that genetically altered life forms can be patented. This resulted in a huge startup of biotech companies
-
Ohio Universoty scientists made the first transgenic animals
-
Eli Lilly Company placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria
-
Schell, Chilton, Van Montagu, Fraley, and Horsch trans formed plants with Agrobacterium- mediadted gene tranfer
-
Kary Mullis invented polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA in the laboratory
-
Jeffries applied RFLP in DNA profiling to the study of criminal cases
-
an automated fluorescence sequencer was invented, speeding up the labor intense process.
-
Genes were moved into an organism though the use of gene gun
-
NIH revised safety guidelines fro recombinant to include plants grown in greenhouses and animals rasied in barns
-
Andrew Fire and Craig Mello discovered RNA interference, scilencing of genes, in the worm C. elegans
-
Kohler, Milstein, and Jerne used monoconal antibody (MAb) technology.
-
Maynard Olson and colleagues at washington university invented "yeast artificial chromosomes" or YACS which are expression vectors for large proteins
-
Ian Wilmut cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell of a ewe at the Roslin Institute in Scottland
-
DNA microarray (DNA chip) technoogy, looking at the expression of all genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide or silicon chip, was developed
-
Dabiri and Garner invented an automated DNA sequencer that hasd a capability of sequencing 76,800 base pairs per hour, 5 to 30 times faster thatn existing sequencers. technology like this greatly sped up the Human Genome Project
-
Ron Breaker coined the term riboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression
-
Announcement was made of the completion of the Human Genome Project (initiated in 1990) by Francis Collins and Craig Venter. The project provided the ability to find genes and gave rise to the sequencing of other genomes.
