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Europeans had been in contact with China for more than two hundred years
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The rebels seized Nanjing, the second largest city of the empire, and massacred 25,000 men, women, and children. The revolt continued for 10 more years but gradually began to fall apart.
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As a result of the Treaty of Tianjin in 1858, the Chinese agreed to legalize the opium trade and open new ports to foreign trade.
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The SatCho alliance (from Satsuma-Choshu) forced the shogun to promise to end relations with the West.
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In 1868, the new leaders signed a Charter Oath, in which they promised to create a new legislative assembly within the framework of continued imperial rule.
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Traditional values were also given a firm legal basis in the 1889 constitution, which lim- ited the right to vote to men.
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In 1904, Japan launched a surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur, which Russia had taken from China in 1898.
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A convention in Tokyo, Sun united radical groups from across China and formed the Revolutionary Alliance
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President Theodore Roosevelt made a “gentlemen’s agreement” with Japan that essentially stopped Japanese immigration to the United States.
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In 1910, Japan annexed Korea outright.
