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Bracero Program
This program brought Mexicans into the U.S. as agricultural laborers. The event started to make people in the U.S. see the laborers as lesser beings and possibly slave-like. -
Operation Wetback
This operation sent many Mexicans who entered the U.S. illegally for work back home. The use of the term wetback by the government could have only reinforced the term in the general public.
Photo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wetback -
Bilingual Education Act (Title VII)
This was the first time money for bilingual education came from the federal government.
Over the years it was reauthorized and cut.
Photo: http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Essays/Keeping-the-Faith/Civil-Rights-Movement/ -
Lau vs Nichols
Chinese students were not getting the help they needed despite having limited English profiency. As a result, schools must address second language issues because language is so intertwined with where some is from and their culture. The case is still very important.
Photo: http://www.sfusd.edu/en/programs/english-language-learners/basis-for-english-learner-programs.html -
Castanada vs Pickard
A three prong test was implemented to make sure schools' bilingual programs were being effective.
Arizona actually failed in all areas.
Photo: http://www.stanford.edu/~hakuta/www/docs/rockefeller/ -
Immigration Control and Reform Act
This act forced employers to know and inquire about the immigration status of employees and prohibited hiring immigrants who entered illegally. It also granted "legal status" to certain people, especially agricultural workers.
Photo: http://www.beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/?p=10337 -
Flores vs AZ
Flores challenged the state of Arizona and as a result teachers and administrators must complete 90 hours of SEI training. This is the reason why we take BLE/SEI classes in college.
Photo: http://cronkitenewsonline.com/2011/02/arizonas-english-immersion-program-delays-graduation-could-be-unlawful/ -
Prop 203
This proposition was passed in Arizona and limited the language of instruction for ELLs.
SEI now required for these students to bring them in English quickly. Core content is in English and clarifications only may be in native language.
Photo: http://jizhangblog.wordpress.com/2013/04/14/history-of-bilingual-education/ -
NCLB
No Child Left Behind eliminated BEA and encouraged the transition in the general education classroom, which would be done through SEI.
Photo: https://www.ocps.net/lc/southeast/mja/parents/pages/nclb.aspx -
HB 2064
This bill requires 4 hours of ELD for beginning English language learners. The biggest problem is that on an early childhood/primary level there is less playtime or recess and on the high school level there is less time for other subjects since the block takes a a majority of the day.
Photo: http://www.examiner.com/images/blog/wysiwyg/image/school(39).jpg -
Secure Fence Act
This act allowed for the fence to be built at the border between the U.S. and Mexico, in an effort to control undocumented immigration and illegal drugs. By many accounts the fence was not effective.
Photo: http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his135/events/mexico/mexico.html -
Arizona SB 1070
State Bill that declared it is a misdemeanor for an immgrant to not have documentation on them. One of the controversies was that this supported racial profiling. As a result the bill was highly protested and debated. The bill was later changed by another bill.
Photo: http://www.90daystophoenix.com/2010/06/arizona-ethnic-media-jointly-condemns-sb-1070/ -
Executive Order
President Obama signed an Executive Order to allow children that were undocumented immigrants to stay in the U.S. if they meet a list of certain requirements, such as under 30, in school and a clean record.
Photo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama
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