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Democritus advocates inductive reasoning through a process of examining the causes of sensory perceptions and drawing conclusions about the outside world.
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Euclid's Elements expound geometry as a system of theorems following logically from axioms known with certainty.
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In China, Mozi and the School of Names advocate using one's senses to observe the world, and develop the "three-prong method" for testing the truth or falsehood of statements.
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First comprehensive documents categorising and subdividing knowledge, dividing knowledge into different areas by Aristotle,(physics, poetry, zoology, logic, rhetoric, politics, and biology). Aristotle's Posterior Analytics defends the ideal of science as necessary demonstration from axioms known with certainty.
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An Egyptian medical textbook, the Edwin Smith papyrus, (circa 1600 BC), applies the following components: examination, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, to the treatment of disease, which display parallels to basic empirical methodology.
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Alhazen introduces the experimental method and combines observations, experiments and rational arguments in his Book of Optics
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More Info!Abu Rayhan al-biruni, develops experimental methods for mineralogy and mechanics, and conducts elaborate experiments related to astronomical phenomena
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Robert Grosseteste, an English scholastic philosopher, theologian and the bishop of Lincoln, published his Aristotelian commentaries, which laid out the framework for the proper methods of science.
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Robert Grosseteste, an English scholastic philosopher, theologian and the bishop of Lincoln, published his Aristotelian commentaries, which laid out the framework for the proper methods of science.
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Roger Bacon, an English monk, inspired by the writings of Grosseteste, described a scientific method, which he based on a repeating cycle of observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and the need for independent verification. He recorded the manner in which he conducted his experiments in precise detail so that others could reproduce and independently test his results.
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Microscope invented in Holland
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First Dedicated Labratory
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Telescope Invented in Holland
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The first Scientific Method declared, Rene Descartes
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Galileo's Two New Sciences published, containing two thought experiments, namely Galileo's Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment and Galileo's ship, which are intended to disprove existing physical theories by showing that they have contradictory consequences
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The formulation by Hans Christian Ørsted of the Latin-German mixed term Gedankenexperiment (lit. experiment conducted in the thoughts, or thought experiment). Although the method had been in use by philosophers since antiquity.
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An optimal design for polynomial regression is published by Joseph Diaz Gergonne.
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Charles Sanders Peirce publishes "Illustrations of the Logic of Science", popularizing his trichotomy of Abduction, Deduction and Induction. Peirce explains randomization as a basis for statistical inference.
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C. S. Peirce with Joseph Jastrow first describes blinded, randomized experiments, which become established in psychology
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Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin proposes the use of multiple hypotheses to assist in the design of experiments. More Info
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Randomized design popularized and analyzed by Ronald Fisher (following Peirce)
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Falsifiability as a criterion for evaluating new hypotheses is popularized by Karl Popper's The Logic of Scientific Discovery (following Peirce)
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first computer simultation More Info!
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Meta study of scientific method (Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions)
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Adam - First working prototype of a "robot scientist" able to perform independent experiments to test hypotheses and interpret findings without human guidance.
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