History of Special Education

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    History of Special Education

  • Council for Exceptional Children (CEC)

    Council for Exceptional Children (CEC)

    founded at The Teacher College, Columbia University in New York. The goal of the council was to improve educational outcomes for students with special needs. Elizabeth Farrell, American Special Education teacher, was a founder and first President of the CEC.
  • Brown vs. Board of Education

    Brown vs. Board of Education

    First time that the law required schools to become racially integrated and established that separate education was not the same as equal education for students of color
  • Public Law 88-164

    Public Law 88-164

    allowed for money to be allotted for the training of professionals who work with special needs populations. President Kennedy enacted this law, which is also referred to as The Community Mental Health Act.
  • Elementary and Secondary Education Act

    Elementary and Secondary Education Act

    Authorizes state-run programs for eligible schools and districts eager to raise the academic achievement of struggling learners and address the complex challenges that arise for students who live with disability, mobility problems, learning difficulties, poverty, or transience, or who need to learn English.
  • Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia

    Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia

    The court ruled that students with disabilities must be given a public education even if the students are unable to pay for the cost of the education.
  • Section 504

    Section 504

    Forbids organizations and employers from excluding or denying individuals with disabilities an equal opportunity to receive program benefits and services.
  • PL 94-142

    PL 94-142

    Education for All Handicapped Children Act passes Congress. All handicapped children have access to a Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE), which includes special education to meet their individual needs. In addition to FAPE, the other key provisions of the act are: zero reject, nondiscriminatory evaluation, individualized education program, least restrictive environment, due process, and parental participation.
  • Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley

    Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley

    Permit the child to benefit educationally from that instruction.
  • Handicapped Children's Protection Act

    Handicapped Children's Protection Act

    Authorize the award of reasonable attorneys' fees, expenses, and costs to the parents or guardian of a handicapped child or youth who is the prevailing party in a civil suit under such Act to protect the child's right to a free appropriate public education.
  • Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

    Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

    Civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. ADA also requires covered employers to provide reasonable accommodations to employees with disabilities, and imposes accessibility requirements on public accommodations.
  • No Child left behind

    No Child left behind

    The Act is based on four basic principles: stronger accountability for results, increased flexibility and local control, expanded options for parents and an emphasis on proven teaching methods.
  • Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

    Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

    Students with disabilities are expected to take the same standardized tests as their peers and are held to the same high standards. Students with severe cognitive disabilities are required to take alternative assessments.