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Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard
French physician that is recognized with providing one of the earliest documented attempts at providing special education in educating 12-year-old Victor (the so-called "wild boy of Aveyron"). Itard attempted to teach Victor starting in 1799 through a sensory training program and what today would be called behavior modification. Victor failed to fully develop language after five years and only mastered basic social and self-help skills. Itard considered his efforts a failure. -
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Edouard Seguin
Seguin developed instructional programs for youngsters whom many of his fellow professionals believed to be incapable of learning. He was convinced of the inportance of sensorimotor activities as an aid to learning. -
Hobson v. Hansen (1967)
Hobson v. Hansen (1967) dealt with the issue of classifying students. Ability grouping or "tracking" of students on teh basis of nationally normed tests, which were found to be biased, held to be unconstitutional. Tracking systems discriminated against poor and minority children, thus denying them an equal educational opportunity. -
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1972)
State must guarantee a free public education to all children with mental retardation ages 6-21 regardless of degree of impairment or associated disabilities. Students to be placed in the most integrated environment. Definition of education expanded. Case established the right of parents to participate in educational decisions affecting their children. State to engage in extensive efforts to locate and serve all students with mental retardation. -
Rehabilitation Act of 1973: Section 504
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act created and extended civil rights to people with disabilities. Section 504 has provided opportunities for children and adults with disabilities in education, employment and various other settings. It allows for reasonable accommodations such as special study area and assistance as necessary for each student. -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
The law was passed to meet four huge goals: 1. To ensure that special education services are available to children who need them 2. To guarantee that decisions about services to disabled students are fair and appropriate 3. To establish specific management and auditing requirements for special education 4. To provide federal funds to help the states educate disabled students EHA was revised and renamed as Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in 1990 for improvement of special education a -
Americans with Disabilities Act 1990
Americans with Disabilities Act is the nation's first comprehensive civil rights law addressing the needs of people with disabilities, prohibiting discrimination in employment, public services, public accommodations, and telecommunications. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 1990
governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services to children with disabilities. It addresses the educational needs of children with disabilities from birth to age 18 or 21 in cases that involve 14 specified categories of disability -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 2004
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a law ensuring services to children with disabilities throughout the nation. IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities. Infants and toddlers with disabilities (birth-2) and their families receive early intervention services under IDEA Part C. Children and youth (ages 3-21) receive
