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Origins of Instructional Design
Psychologist and educators designed training materials and assessments to assist the military during World War II. Through their efforts, military personnel were more effectively selected for training programs. Instructional materials were developed utilizing research and theory on instructional learning.
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American Institute for Research
After the war, the American Institute for Research was founded. Many of the psychologists and educators who helped the military with their training needs worked together to examine training practices and began developing a systematic process.
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B.F. Skinner and the Programmed Instruction Movement
B.F. Skinner published his article "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching." He indicated that instruction should be presented in small steps, allow for frequent questioning and immediate feedback. He encouraged using assessment data to revise materials and continue to improve the quality of instruction.
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Behavioral Objectives Gain Popularity
Although numerous people have contributed to the understanding of learning objectives, it was Robert Mager's book "Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction" (1962) that helped to popularize this topic with educators.
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Criterion Referenced Testing Movement
Led by Robert Glaser, educators started moving away from norm-referenced assessments to criterion-referenced testing. Student learning was measured against prior knowledge instead of their peers.
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The Conditions of Learning
Robert Gagne has made numerous contributions to the field of instructional design. In 1965, he published his book "The Conditions of Learning" which detailed different types of learning outcomes (verbal, intellectual, psychomotor, attitude and cognitive) and the teaching activities which best promote each type of learning. His work is considered a foundational contribution to the field of instructional design.
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Formative Evaluation Movement
After years of implementing failed instructional materials, educators recognized the need to try out materials prior to a full implementation. Michael Scriven led this movement using the term "formative assessment" to refer to evaluating and revising materials prior to publishing in their final form.
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Instructional Design Models Gain Interest as a Systematic Approaches
Numerous models were developed to allow various employers (military, business, education) to use a systematic approach to improve instructional quality within their training divisions. The field of instructional design gained interest world wide.
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Computer Based Instruction
As computers became increasingly popular, instructional designers looked at ways to use this technology to deliver instruction. In some cases, instruction was able to be automated through the use of computers.
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Human Performance Improvement Movement
Much of the focus of instructional designers prior to this decade was related to designing and improving instruction. Starting in the 1990s, many professionals started to work with businesses on improving employee job performance and addressing problems that were not related to instruction.
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The Explosion of Internet Based Learning
Throughout this century, technology has played an increasing role in instructional design. Learners can now utilize courses online for formal and informal purposes. Instructional designers often work with subject matter experts to develop these courses.
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