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Horace Mann pioneered reforming public education to be K-12. -
William Torrey Harris, an educational philosopher and superintendent of public schools in St. Louis, institutes initial efforts to educate gifted students. -
French researches, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon develop tests to identify children's intelligence. The tests were first of their kind to identify intelligence into a numerical value. The purpose was to separate the students into special classrooms. -
Lewis Terman, a psychologist at the Stanford Graduate School of Education, revised the Binet-Simon test. The Standford-Binet test was published with the intellegence quotent. He is considered the "father" of the gifted education movement. -
During World War I, the government started using intelligence testing. It was administered to over one million recruits to quickly help sort the recruits into their ideal roles. -
Leta Hollingworth, and educator and psychologist, publishes "Gifted Children". -
In response to the Soviet Union launching Sputnik into space, the federal government passed the National Defense Education Act. This increased funding in math, science, and technology. It also established funding for higher education and low cost student loans. -
California is one of the first states to fund gifted education at the state level. -
Within the U.S. Office of Education, the Office of Gifted and Talented is established. -
Joseph Renzulli, a professor at the University of Connecticut identifies three key characteristics that contribute to gifted behavior: above-average ability, task commitment and creativity. This developmental approach states that if a child posses a combination of these traits are gifted. -
Howard Gardner, a psychologist at Harvard, publishes "Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences." His theory states that people can have multiple intelligences and there are 8 different types of intelligences. -
Javits was passed by the federal government to support and develop gifted and talented students. It does not fund state level programs. -
No Child Left Behind (NCLB) passed as reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. This expanded statewide grants. The definition of gifted and talented is adjusted.