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When the first national survey founded by government was initiated in England and Wales by Henry De La Beche.
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New staff were being taken on and the band of hammerers gradually
spread their work across the country from the southwest -
Mapping was extended to Scotland
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Scottish branch was established under Archibald Geikie
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The first international geological congress was helped in paris with the purpose of rationalized and coordinate an international strati graphic nomenclature..
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The U.S. federal survey was Established.
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Most American states had established survey's, as had the main British colonies and the leading countries of Europe, Argentina, and Japan.
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George Darwin and John Joly claim that radio activity is partially responsible for the Earth's heat.
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Arthur Holes uses radioactivity to date rocks, the oldest being 1.6 million years old
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Alfred Wegener proposes that all the continents once formed a single landmass called Pangaea that broke apart via continental drift.
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George Barrow maps zones of metamorphism (the Barrovian sequence) in southern Scotland
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N.L. Bowen publishes the evolution of the igneous rocks, revolutionizing experimental igneous petrology.
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Charles Ritcher invents a logarithmic scale to measure the magnitude of the earthquake (ML).
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Felix Andries Vening Meinesz investigations show gravity anomalies,
implying that the crust is moving (together with J.H.F. Umbgrove, B.G. Escher and Ph.H. Kuenen) -
Frederick Vine and Drummond Mathews explain the stripes of magnetized rocks with alternating magnetic polarities running Parallel to mid-ocean ridges as due to sea floor spreading and the
periodic geomagnetic field reversals (vine-matthews-morely hypothesis). -
keiiti aki discovers the seismic moment
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Physicist luis Avleres, his son, Geologist Walter Alverez, and others propose that the impact of a large extraterrestrial object caused the extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous Periode, about 66 million years ago.
