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Friederich Miescher
He experimented and isolated a new molecule - nuclein - from the cell nucleus. He determined that nuclein was made up of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus and there was an unique ratio of phosphorus to nitrogen. He was able to isolate nuclein from other cells and later used salmon sperm (as opposed to pus) as a source. -
Erwin Chargaff
Biochemist Erwin Chargaff's experiments showed that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), not amino acids in the cell, is the carrier of genetic information. His work completely changed the study of biology and heredity, and provided the foundation for the work of Francis Crick, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins. Chargaff also conducted research into lipids (molecules which form fats), plant nucleotides, the metabolism of amino acids and inositol, and the enzymes that cause blood coagulation. In his late -
Frederick Griffith
n 1928 a scientist named Frederick Griffith was working on a project that enabled others to point out that DNA was the molecule of inheritance. Griffith's experiment involved mice and two types of pneumonia, a virulent and a non-virulent kind. He injected the virulent pneumonia into a mouse and the mouse died. Next he injected the non-virulent pneumonia into a mouse and the mouse continued to live. After this, he heated up the virulent disease to kill it and then injected it into a mouse. The mo -
Oswald Avery,Colin Macleod and Maclyn Mccarty
The Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment was an experimental demonstration, reported in 1944 by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty, that DNA is the substance that causes bacterial transformation, in an era when it had been widely believed that it was proteins that served the function of carrying genetic information -
Beadle And Tatum
proved that x-ray treatment can induce mutations in genes concerned with control of known biochemical reactions, and in sufficient frequency for study
studies comparing mutant and normal strains showed only difference is ability to synthesize specific metabolite (difference removed if metabolite added) -
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
In 1952 Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase did experiments that confirmed that DNA was genetic material. -
Paul Berg
In 1956, Berg isolated a tRNA that is specific to the amino acid methionine. His work helped to clarify the role tRNA plays in protein assembly -
Matthew Meselson and Frank Stahl
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl dicovered how DNA can replicate itself to create one new strand and one old strand. They proposed that when the time came for DNA to be replicated, the two strands of the molecule separated from each other but remained intact as each served as the template for the synthesis of a complementary strand. -
Arthur Kornburg
Biochemist who won the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1959 for discovering how DNA is assembled. He was one of three members from the City College of New York class of 1937, who won Nobel-prizes. Kornberg’s discovery of DNA polymerase, an enzyme needed in heredity synthesis, became one of the essential steps leading to advancements in genetic engineering. His discovery and research also led to the design of drugs now used to treat cancers, auto-immune diseases, and other viral infections. He was a -
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
In 1962 James Watson (b. 1928), Francis Crick (1916–2004), and Maurice Wilkins (1916–2004) jointly received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their 1953 determination of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Because the Nobel Prize can be awarded only to the living, Wilkins’s colleague Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958), who died of cancer at the age of 37, could not be honored. -
Watson and Crick
James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins, jointly received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their 1953 determination of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in 1962. -
Max Delbruck
Delbrück, Max (1906-1981) was a German-born American biologist who shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with American biologists Alfred Day Hershey and Salvador Edward Luria. Delbrück received the prize for his pioneering work on bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria). This work partly focused on the genetic function of bacteriophages. Delbrück's studies led other scientists to discover the structure and importance of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the substance that makes -
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer
In 1973, Stanely Cohen and Herbert Boyer, invented the technique of DNA cloning, which allowed genes to be transplanted between different biological species.Their discovery signaled the birth of genetic engineering. -
Kary Mullis
The inventor of the DNA synthesis process known as the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The process is an invaluable tool to today's molecular biologists and biotechnology corporations. -
Marshall Nirenberg
Marshall Nirenberg is best known for “breaking the genetic code," an achievement that won him the Nobel Prize In 1961. -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Nobelprize.org
Wikipedia
Office of NIH History
and Nytimes.com
