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(199,999 BE was oldest date timeline would take)... 2.6 million years ago, early humans used hammerstones to strike stone cores and produce flakes to cut, pound, and access new foods. It is reasonable to theorize elders taught the young how to make and use this innovation, leading to the dawn of Educational Technology. [Photo Credit] http://humanorigins.si.edu/human-characteristics/tools-food
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Theories suggest Cave paintings may indicate prehistoric humans' desire to communicate or pass on information, a forerunner of educational technology. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/journey-oldest-cave-paintings-world-18888880957685 [Photo Credit] http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/worldhistory/lascauxcavepaintings.htm
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They develop the idea of "techne" (i.e., art and skill or craft) or technology by combining the cultures of arts, sciences, and letters. Photo Credit.
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European methods of instruction were influenced by the religious views of the time and included syllogisms in the Scholastic Method, Comenius' idea of "pansophia" and the aim of developing students' knowledge, morality, and piety. [Photo Credit] https://www.google.com/search?q=history+of+european+education+in+1100s&rlz=1C1GCEA_enUS775US775&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicz9_ZuafeAhXD1FkKHbYdDhIQ_AUIDigB&biw=1088&bih=483#imgrc=cWzNCsQmqzXSdM:
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Student learning consisted of individual memorized recitations until the Lancasterian Monitorial Instruction system was introduced in the 19th Century. Pestalozzian "object teaching" Instruction followed and influenced Froebel's development of kindergarten. The first American kindergarten opened in 1855. [Photo Credit] http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/subjects/kindergartens
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Innovations such as stereographs, slides, films, radio, sound recording and films with sound are adapted for instruction. However, Thomas Edison's prediction that books will soon be obsolete in schools has yet to materialize.
[Photo Credit] http://institute-of-progressive-education-and-learning.org/a-history-of-education-technology/ -
Instructional Design was used to develop training materials during World War II. After the war research begins on how media influences learning and with the 1952 FCC decisions to grant 242 television channels for educational programing, instructional programing in schools declines while public television grows.
[Photo Credit] http://www.combatcamera.be/combat-photography-units/combat-camera-units/ -
IBM researchers and many early advocates for CAI thought it would change classroom instruction before the 1970s but the impact was significantly less in education than in industry.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/326444?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents -
B.F. Skinner's work , the Programmed Instructional Movement and the increased use of behavioral objectives indicate the need for tests to measure learning outcomes.
[Photo Credit] https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/blooms-taxonomy/ -
The Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik takes the U.S. by surprise and a renewed interest in improving U.S. math and science education begins. New concepts in task analysis, objective specification and criterion-referenced testing are joined to create processes for systematic instruction.
[Photo Credit] https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/space-program -
In the 1970s and 1980s new instructional design models are created for industry, education, and the government. The use of microcomputer in the 1980s resulted in increased computer-based instruction.
[Photo Credit] https://itstillworks.com/computer-based-instruction-education-1226.html -
In the 1990s constructivist views influenced instructional design practices and electronic performance support systems use became more prevalent. Distance learning has rapidly increased since 1995 and the need for high quality internet instruction is expanding.
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Learning Management Systems were to offer internet based courses designed for online or distance education. WebCT (Web Course Tools) offered e-Learning in 1995. It was developed by Murray Goldberg. The name was later bought by Blackboard.
https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JTE/v15n1/burgess.html#hazari -
In 2001, in The New York Times, MIT announced OpenCourseWare. MIT now has over 1,800 free, online courses available over the internet.
https://ocw.mit.edu/about/our-history/ -
Khan Academy was created in 2005 by Salman Khan after he tutored his family members in math by making YouTube videos. It is a non-profit educational organization which used online videos and tools to teach students. While it has grown into the use of personalized learning and the use of adaptive technology, it has remained nonprofit and is funded by donations. https://conference.iste.org/uploads/ISTE2018/HANDOUTS/KEY_110817691/ISTE_2018_FinalPaper.pdf
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