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The first English settlement in the Northe America.
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(The date can't be found)
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Boston Latin School, the first American public school, was founded to educate the sons of elite Boston citizens. It is the oldest existing school in the US.
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The first higher educational institution in the colonial America.
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The 2nd college to open in colonial America.
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Noah Webster, the "Father of American Scholarship and Education" and the author of Blue Backed Speller, was born in West Hartford, Connecticut.
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Jefferson wrote: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."
Fact: Average Lifetime school attendance: less than 82 days. -
Thomas Jefferson advocated 3 years of free public education for all men, and advanced education for the chosen few in Virginia. Between 1779 and 1817, the bill was thrice defeted.
"Ignorance and despotism seem made for one another" (Jefferson to Robert Pleasants, 1796) -
To create a new national identity, Noah Webster published a textbook called "Blue Back Speller" that was designed to teach students about the US and its inhabitants. Webster also promoted the new national language to use spelling different from British English. It became the forerunner of Webster's Dictionary of American English.
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"American education reformer"
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Average attendance in 1837: 4 months
Annual Per-Pupil Cost: $2.81 -
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Public school textbooks contained anti-Irish, anti-Catholic passages. Bishop John Hughes launched a public protest, demanding tax support for parochial schools.
(the exact date not found) -
The number of Irish children who enrolled in NYC public schools increased.
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Anti-Irish sentiments escalated to a series of riots in Philadelphia. Two Catholic churches were burnt down, and 13 (or 14) people were killed and many injured.
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About 90 people met in Boston's African Meeting House. They were encouraged by Fredrick Douglass, who told them that their goal was to send their children to the nearest, best public schools in their neighborhood.
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Mann visited thousands of the schools in Massachusetts on horseback to learn the condition of education. He advocated the establishment of "common schools" where all children, elite and poor, share common knowledge free of tuition in order to receive equal chances for life.
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Average Attendance: 7 months
Annual Per-Pupil Cost: $4.80
[In 1837: 4 months, $2.81] -
Benjamin Roberts who lived in Boston wanted her 5 yo Sarah to attend not a segregated school but a neighborhood school. When Sarah was turned away from white-only schools, Benjamin sued the city, naming Sarah as Plaintiff.
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Hughes used his powerful status in church to create a national system of Catholic schools, which became a major alternative education system in the US.
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Catharine Beecher believed that women were natural teachers. She recruited and educated middle-class young women to be teachers, who then went out to West to teach settlers' children.
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With the help of lawyers Charles Sumner and Robert Morris, Benjamin Roberts took the cause to the state legislature. As the result, segregated schools became illegal in the state of Massachusetts.
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Lincoln assassinated on March 3.
Civil War ended on April 9.
13th Amendment ratified on Dec. 6. -
The goal was to help states establish effective school systems.
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It guaranteed privileges of citizenship including due process and equal protection under the law including the right to vote for freed male slaves.
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It became the model of 26 similar schools, all aiming at assimilating Indian children into the mainstream culture.
It caused alienation and cultural dislocation of younger generations of Native people. -
Public Schoold Expenditures in 1870: 63 millions ($8.29 per student).
Public School Enrollment in 1870: 7.6 millions -
Between 1890 and 1930, more than 22 millions immigrants landed the US; 3 millions of them were children. For them, schools were where their American dreams began.
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Public School Expenditures in 1890: 141 millions ($11.10 per student). [up from 63 millions or $8.29 per student in 1870)
Public School Enrollment in 1890: 12.7 millions (up from 7.6 millions in 1870). -
John Dewey, the philosopher in the University of Chicago, published "The School and Society, which promoted progressive education, emphasizing learning by doing, not just by memorizing, and allowing each child to develop at his or her own pace. . He is known as the "Father of Progressive Education" or a progressive reformer.
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The US exhibited their progressive education for the whole world to see. Child-centered education was new and experimental then.
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Children in School in 1900: 50%
Average Schooling: 5 years
*2 millions children were working across America. -
When US Steel opened its large steel mill at Gary, hundreds of immigrants moved in Gary to get jobs. The town hired William A Ward as superintendent. He was a diciple of John Dewey and established a large progressive public school to tap all kinds of talents of students.
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William Wirt, superintendent in Gary, Indiana, implemented "Gary Plan"--a model school for Progressive education advocated by John Dewey. Over 200 cities adopted his model. Even Japanese visited the school to inspect the system.
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Keating-Owen Child Labor Act was signed by President Woodrow Wilson. It prohibited the sale of goods manufactured by children.
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Louis M. Terman and his team of Stanford University graduate students completed an American version of the Binet-Simon Scale.
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The IQ test was used to determine the intelligence level of the soldiers.
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US entered World War I. It marked the end of Progressivism.
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NYC's progressive mayor John Mitchel wanted to adopt Gary Plan in NYC schools. His opponent John Hylan won the 1917 mayoral election and cancelled the Gary Plan immediately. NYC schools return to the more traditional system. They also published their own textbooks that focused on English language, intending to Americanize and socialize immigrant children.
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The goal was to reform American education.
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Public School Expenditures in 1920: $1 billions
17-year-old graduating high school: 17% -
John Scopes, a high school biology teacher was charged, and later convicted, with the "heinous crime" of teaching evolution.
*In 1968, the U.S. supreme Court finds the stat of Arkansas' law prohibiting the teaching of evolution in a public school or university unconstitutional. -
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Oct. stock market crash triggered the Great Depression. The school funding was slashed, resulting school closures, teacher layoffs, and lower salaries.
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Mexican-American children were allowed in regular public schools.
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Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944
2 millions veterans attended college or university, doubling the enrollment. -
In 1900, it was 6%.
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17-year-old graduating HS in 1900: 6 %
In 1940s and 50s, Life Adjustment Education was offered for the average students (60% of students population). It included practical lessons on personal hygine, family, dating, cooking, and fly fishing... -
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African Americans segregated by law: 17 states
Average schooling for Mexican-Americans: 5.4 years
Disabled children not enrolled in school: 72% -
In 1951, 13 parents filed a class action law suit, demaning their rights to send their children to neighborhood "white" schools.
In 1954, the US Spreme Court ruled that racial segregation of publich schools was unconstitutional. -
On Sep. 4, Arkansas National Guard escorted 9 students out of school.
On Sept. 25, President Eisenhower ordered the federal troop to escort students into the school. -
The first satellite to orbit the Earth.
It was viewed as a potential threat to American national security.
It was also a blow to national pride. -
The funding for scientific reserach as well as science, math, and foreign language education was increased as the result.
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Coral Way Elementary School was for Cuban immigrant children arriving in Miami in a large number after the Cuban Revolution.
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Schools were closed as the nation mouned its loss.
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Lyndon Johnson, a former teacher in TX, signed the Civil Rights Act. The Act prohibits discrimination based on race, color, sex, religion, or national origin.
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As a part of Lyndon Johnson's "War on Poverty," the act provids federal funds to hel low-income students.
(Title I, bilingual education)
*Also passed in 1965: "Higher Education Act" (to increase federal aid to higher education and provide for scholarships, student loans, and establish a National Teachers Corps)
*Project Head Start also began to provide preschool education for children from low-income families. -
Lynden Johnson signs the Act (also known as the Hart-Cellar Act).
It resulted the sharp increase in the numbers of Asians and Latin American immigrants in the US. American classrooms became more diverse than ever. -
Also called the "Coleman Report," this study was conducted in response to provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
It concluded that African American children benefit from attending integrated schools, setting the stage for school "busing" to achieve desegregation. -
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It was made to give federal funding to help children whose first language was not English.
Also known as Title VII, the law was repealed in 2002 and replaced by the No Child Left Behind Act. -
Nobel Prize winner and leader of the American Civil Rights Movement.
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Kohl's book helped to promote open education.
It emphasized student-centered classrooms and active, holistic learning. -
Medical & law degrees awarded to women in 1970: 1 %
High School athletes: 7.4 % is women in 1970. -
Jose Angel Gutierrez, the leader of Chicano Civil Right Movement, led Mexican-American population to win the school board election. Four out of 7 seats were won by Mexcian-Americans. Gutierrez became the president of the schoold board and implemented various school reforms, including hiring Spanish-speaking teachers, celebrating Chicano history & culture in curriculum, etc.
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The US Spreme Court approved bussing as a tool to correct racial inbalance in schools.
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Title IX prohibits discrimination based on sex in all aspects of education, including female participation in sports.
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More than 58,000 service personnel were killed in action during the war.
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It guarantees civil rights for people with disabilities , requiring schools to provide accommodations to students with disabilities.
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The US Spreme Court ruled that the failure of the San Francisco School District to provide English language instruction to Chinese-American students with limited English proficiency violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
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The Act prohibits discrimination and requires schools to take action to overcome barriers which prevent equal protection.
This is important law for bilingual education. -
This act guaranteed a free, appropriate public education that careter to individual needs for all handicapped children.
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African Americans with High School diplomas: 13.7% in 1950, 51 % in 1980.
Medical & law degrees awarded to women: 0.095% in 1950, 30% in 1980.
Average school attendance: 9 years in 1950, 12.5 years in 1980. -
Jimmy Carter signed the act into law.
It admits regugees for humanitarian reasons.
It resulted in the resettlement of more than 3 million refugees in the US, including many school-age children. -
Ronald Reagan called for the shift of focus from equality to excellence.
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It called for a sweeping reform in public education.
Basic education was emphasized, and computer science was included.
Longer school day/year, more homework, and high-stakes testing.
1983-1984: highter graduation requiremnets: 35 states. -
E.D. Hirsch created Core Knowledge curriculum for preschool to 8th graders to give them equal opportunity to attain core knowledge.
It's a teacher-centered approach: students are expected to learn the same knowldge at the same time.
*In contrast, Progressive schools are student-centered: students leanr by doing with teachers as their coach. -
Christa McAuliffe was chosen by NASA from among more than 11,000 applicants to be the first teacher to go to space. She and her fellow astronauts were killed in the explosion that occurred 73 seconds after the launch.
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Milwaukee voucher bill allowed selected low income students to attend private schools at the state's expense.
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Increased annual immigration to 700,000.
5,5000 diversity visas (Visa lottery) -
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The nation's first charter school
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School privatizing project.
EAI (Education Alternative Inc.) managed public schools in Baltimore for 5 years with 133 million price tag.
Baltimore school board ended the contract in November, 1995. -
Signed by Bill Clinton.
It included the increased funding for bilingual and immigrant education, provisions for public charter schools, drop-out prevention, and educational technology. -
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The 1st generation that was required to take the exam to get diploma was the graduating class of 2004.
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All public school in California are required to give instruction in English only.
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Two students killed 15 and wounded 23 at Littleton, Colorado.
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Students schooled at home: 2.5%
Limited voucher plans: Milwaukee, Cleveland, & Florida
Students using publicly funded vouchers: 0.03% -
19 terrorists kiled 2976 people in New York, Pentagon, and Pennsylvania.
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Public school enrollment: 47.8 millions
Children enrolled in public school: almost 90%.
"Children are 20% of our pupulation, but 100% of our future. -
It reauthorized the ESEA of 1965 and replaced the Bilingual Education Act of 1968.
It mandates high-stakes student testing, holds schools accountable for student achievement levels, and provides penalties for schools that do not make adequate yearly progress toward meeting the goals of NCLB. -
He is the first African-American President ever elected in the US.
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Provided more than 90 billion dollars for education, nearly half of which goes to local school districts to prevent layoffs and for school modernization and repair.
