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In 1837 Massachusetts created the first board of education, with Horace Mann and Henry Barnard leading the way.. I believe this was the first major steps towards public schooling systems with qualified teachers.
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Roberts v. city of Boston, it is important to note that back then we had "separate but equal" schools, showing how far we have actually come, that the constitution believed this was okay.
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I believe this was the best first step towards sufficient public high schools. What they taught, their physical and emotional development as well.
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This was a huge step in public schools when we finally desegregated the schools and had mixed schools/classrooms.
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In 1975, eventually became Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) First big push to help all students with learning disabilities, minorities, and low income students as well.