History of Higher Education, EDHE 500 Group 2: Patricia Wallace & Corey Westbury, Drexel University
By EDHE500
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Period: to
Colonial Era
KEY TRENDS OF THE COLONIAL ERA Influences from Western Europe and the church Career preparation for the ministry and public service Colleges symbolized community pride -
Harvard College established
Current name: Harvard University Harvard College was the first higher education institution established in the United States, and the first of the Colonial Nine. The Colonial Nine were modeled after education forms in Western Europe, and linked to the Church (Hill, 2014). -
First governing body of Harvard College arranged by General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony
Harvard's first governing board consisted of the governor, deputy governor, treasurer of the colony, three magistrates, and six ministers. Established a historical foundation for governing boards at private institutions. -
College of William & Mary established
Current name: College of William & Mary First college to establish a professorship in science. -
Yale College established
Current Name: Yale University Yale modeled its curriculum after Harvard's, which is an early representation of colleges imitating each other with regards to curriculum development. The trend of colleges and universities imitating each other in areas such as curriculum, research, and admissions policies can make it difficult for institutions to differntiate themselves from one another. -
College of Philadelphia established
Current Name: University of Pennsylvania The College of Philadelphia was the only college out of the Colonial Nine that was not under church control when it was founded (Cohen & Kisker, 2010). The College of Philadelphia integrated subjects such as arithmetic, architecture, and surveying into the curriculum. -
College of New Jersey established
Current Name: Princeton University The College of New Jersey was established under a charter granted by the king and advocated for religious freedom (Cohen & Kisker, 2010). Students from all religious denominations were welcome to attend. -
King's College established
Current Name: Columbia University Upon opening for classes, King's College had a strong focus on commerce as part of its curriculum. This shows a deviation from the traditional curriculum of the Colonial Era in the classics and Latin (Cohen & Kisker, 2010). -
College of Rhode Island established
Current Name: Brown University A majority of the governing board members were Baptist, as was the president. Baptists were the original sponsors of the institution, but the College of Rhode Island was open to other religions as well. -
Queen's College established
Current Name: Rutger's, the State University of New Jersey Opened for classes in 1771 with one tutor. Queen's College hired a second tutor before actually appointing a president (Cohen & Kisker, 2010). -
Dartmouth College established
Current Name: Dartmouth College Dartmouth had an interest in specifically enrolling Native Americans, but only enrolled around 50 between 1769 and end of the 19th century (Cohen & Kisker, 2010). -
Benjamin Rush published proposal for a national university
Rush advocated that establishing a national univeristy would prepare young people for the public life. Several U.S. presidents, including Washington, Madison, and Monroe, all mentioned the establishment of a national university in order to promote national unity and concentrate resources (Cohen & Kisker, 2010). The House never passed this proposal, and instead colleges developed individually. This trend has continued into the present day. -
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Emergent Nation Era
KEY TRENDS OF EMERGENT NATION ERA Opening of the West led to dozens of new colleges being established in the new territories Establishment of the first state colleges Foundation laid for specialized programs and electives -
Lousiana Purchase
The Lousiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States. People were excited for a fresh start out West, and an influx of institution building west of the Mississippi commenced. -
Darthmouth College vs. Woodward
The ruling allowed Dartmouth to continue operating as a private institution, and thus settled the debate of public versus private charters. -
University of Virginia founded
First institution to focus on curriculum differentiation, conceived and designed by Thomas Jefferson, opened for teaching in 1824. -
Yale Report of 1828
The Yale Report defended a curriculum founded in the classics, especially Greek and Latin. The key points of the published report ended up being the foundation for curriculum in a number of institutions. Opponents of the Yale Report believe that it set curriculum reform back by decades (Cohen & Kisker, 2010). -
Oberlin College founded
First co-educational college in the United States, George B. Vashon became the first black student to graduate from Oberlin College in 1844, and went on to become one of the founding professors at Howard University (Cohen & Kisker, 2010). -
Georgia Female College opened for classes
Current name: Wesleyan College. First all-female college, also home of the first sororities for women. -
Morrill Act of 1862
The Morrill Act of 1862 meant to provide a large segment of the U.S. population with a practical education which had direct relevance on their daily lives. Led to the development of land-grant institutions, with these institutions placing a strong emphasis on agricultural science and research (Hill, 2014). -
Period: to
University Transformation Era
KEY TRENDS OF THE UNIVERSITY TRANSFORMATION ERA Marked by Congress passing the Morrill Act of 1862 and the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI Bill) More government involvement in higher education led to greater criticism and critique Professionalization of various occupational groups accelerated quickly -
Johns Hopkins University founded
Johns Hopkins was the first university established primarily for research and graduate training. This was the first university of its kind, and set the stage for future institutions to focus primarily on research. -
Hatch Act of 1887
The Hatch Act of 1887 established agricultural experiment stations in states that established land-grant institutions under the Morrill Act of 1862 (Moraru & Neilson, n.d.). The Hatch Act was a response to the slow development of agricultural research in the United States. -
Morrill Act of 1890
Before the Morrill Act of 1890 was passed, African Americans were not benefitting from the land-grant system. With the Morrill Act of 1890, funds would not be distributed to any states who denied admission on the basis of race unless the states set up separate but equal facilities (Hill, 2014). This eventually led to the creation of Tribal Colleges and HBCUs. -
Committee of Ten formed
Formed under the National Education Association (NEA), the Committee of Ten proposed a model high school curriculum. This was the first attempt to standardize curriculum at the high school level, and was met with mixed reviews. At the time, different high schools in different areas had vastly different requirements for graduation (Robbins & Sheppard, 2007). -
Smith-Lever Act of 1914
Federal government authorized funding agricultural and home economics programs in higher education, with specific regards to land-grant institutions (Cohen & Kisker, 2010). -
American Association of University Professors (AAUP) formed
In the years following the establishment of the AAUP, its objective was to address grievances of faculty who felt they were wrongfully dismissed by their institution's administration (Cohen & Kisker, 2010). This led to discussions of tenure. The AAUP also advocated that faculty play a role in institutional governance. -
Smith-Hughes Act of 1917
Federal government provided money to higher education institutions in order to train vocational education teachers. The Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 was an extension of the Smith-Lever Act of 1914. -
Term "Ivy League" coined by Stanley Woodward
The influence of the Ivy League institutions with regards to the founding of other U.S college and universities is notable, but the term "Ivy League" wasn't coined by Stanley Woodward, a sports writer, until 1936 (Hill, 2014). -
Period: to
Mass Higher Education Era
A high point in the history of higher education where enrollment, finances, and institutions all expanded. -
World War II Ends
Truman declares the end of World War II. Over one million men are discharged from the military. -
First Baby Boomer is Born
So What's a Boomer, Anyhow?
Kathleen Casey-Kirschling is born. She is the first of 78 million baby boomers. Beginning an unprecedented growth of students enrolled in higher education.. -
Truman Commission Report
Statement by the President Making Public a Report of the Commission on Higher Education
The Truman report proposed a new curriculum for an American education system; an investment into vocational schools; free public education for the first two years,; elimination of discrimination; and the expanision of hgher education for all citizens. -
Brown vs. Board of Education
Applyin 'Brown v. Board' to Higher Education
Supreme Court decision that stated that separate schools were not equal. -
National Merit Scholarship
National Merit Scholarship
Developed to foster college enrollment based on merit not finances. -
Florida ex rel. Hawkins v. Board of Control
This ruling was an extention of the ruling in Brown v. The Board of Education extending desegregation to higher education. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
The 1957 Civil Rights Act
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was the first act to formally passed paving the way for later acts and actions of civil rights, including education. -
Higher Education Act
The Early History of the Higher Education Act of 1965
Provides finanial aid for college students. -
Veteran's Readjustment Benefits Act
Cold War GI Bill
This act reinforced the educational benefits for veterans of war but also at those who had served in times of peace. -
Grade Inflation
Many College Professors Started Using Grade Inflation To Protect Bad Students From Being Drafted Into The Vietnam War
Professors protect students during Vietnam by ensuring that they don't flunk out and get drafted. This is said to be the beginning of the practice of grade inflation. -
Griggs v. Duke Power
This case made it unconstitutional to require education as a term of employment if education was not required for the job. It was thought that the requirement of education excluded members of society who did not have an opportunity to obtain education. -
Title IX
Title IX, Education Amendments of 1972
This ammendment prohibited discrimination by gender to participate in any educational program or activity. -
Tuition
Average Tuition Costs The average tuition in 1973 at a private institution is $9876 and only $2175 at in-state public schools -
Faculty Members and Salary
By 1975, there were 565,000 members of faculty in higher education across the U.S. The average salary by this year was $15,622. -
Period: to
Consolidation Era
An era marked by the end of the Cold War, a racing increase in social-economic status, disengaged public, diminished unions, escalating divorce rates and women in the workforce. -
Apple IIc
The Apple II This was the first personal computer that was marketed directly to school aged people. The starting price was $1298 with 4K RAM. Apple donated computers to schools for exposure. -
Bayh-Dole Act
Council on Governmental Relations - Bayh-Dole Act This act of Congress allows a university to own their inventions regardless of government money that has been received b the federal government. -
Tuition
Tuition 1987: In today’s dollars, tuition to a private school runs about $12,800, and public school $2,700. -
Teach for America
Teach for America A program developed by Princeton graduate, Wendy Kopp, to recruit recent college graduates from any field, train them and have them teach in urban and rural areas. -
The Univeristy of Phoenix
The University of Phoenix The Univeristy of Phoenix establishes the first Online Campus that offered both Bachelor's and Master's degrees. -
Student Right to Know and Campus Security Act
Student Right to Know and Campus Security Act The Act requires institutions to provide information on graduation rates, athletic scholarships, campus security policies and crime statistics, and allocation of student financial aid. -
Period: to
Contemporary Era
An era where privatization encompasses all aspects of life from education to health to war. -
Jones International University
Jones International University The first unversity to exist fully online in the United States and to be accredited. -
Tuition
Tuition 2007: George Washington University is the first college to raise tuition over $50,000 a year. -
The Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2008
Higher Education Opportunity Act Requires institutions to set annual cost reduction benchmarks, report their reasons for tuition increases, list textbook costs, report use of endowment funds, and provide a web based calculator to estimate tuition. -
Tuition
Tuition 2009: The average tuition for the 2008-09 academic year is $25,143 for private colleges and universities, and $6,585 for an in-state public college or university. -
College Cost Reduction and Access Act of 2007
College Cost Reduction and Access Act of 2007 The act lowers monthly payments on federally held student loans and cancels the debt of any public service employee after 10 years of service.
